{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:53:42Z","timestamp":1780512822689,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE026279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE026279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE026772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE026772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE033545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE033545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Computer-aided design (CAD)\/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) milling and handpiece grinding are critical procedures in the fabrication and adjustment of ceramic dental restorations. However, due to the formation of microfractures, these procedures are detrimental to the strength of ceramics. This study analyzes the damage associated with current brittle-regime grinding and presents a potential remedy in the application of a safer yet still efficient grinding regime known as \u201cductile-regime grinding.\u201d Disc-shaped specimens of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic material (IPS e.max CAD) were obtained by cutting and crystallizing the lithium metasilicate CAD\/CAM blanks (the so-called blue blocks) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions. The discs were then polished to a 1 \u00b5m diamond suspension finish. Single-particle micro-scratch tests ( n = 10) with a conical diamond indenter were conducted to reproduce basic modes of deformation and fracture. Key parameters such as coefficient of friction and penetration depth were recorded as a function of scratch load. Further, biaxial flexure strength tests ( n = 6) were performed after applying various scratch loads to analyze their effects on ceramic strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB) were used to characterize surface and subsurface damage. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests. While the SEM surface analysis of scratch tracks revealed the occurrence of both ductile and brittle removal modes, it failed to accurately determine the threshold load for the brittle\u2013ductile transition. The threshold load for brittle\u2013ductile transition was determined to be 70 mN based on FIB subsurface damage analyses in conjunction with strength degradation studies. Below 70 mN, the specimens exhibited neither strength degradation nor the formation of subsurface cracks. Determination of the brittle\u2013ductile thresholds is significant because it sets a foundation for future research on the feasibility of implementing ductile-regime milling\/grinding protocols for fabricating damage-free ceramic dental restorations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241256279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T02:27:36Z","timestamp":1718418456000},"page":"839-847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Brittle\u2013Ductile Threshold in Lithium Disilicate under Sharp Sliding Contact"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Bawazir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.H.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Arn\u00e9s-Urgell\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 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