{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T13:02:26Z","timestamp":1777813346848,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Self-reported smoking during pregnancy is subject to measurement error, bringing into question previously reported associations with offspring caries experience. We evaluated whether a previously identified prenatal smoking-associated DNA methylation (DNAm) signature, and separately gestational smoking indexed through self-report and plasma cotinine, was associated with offspring caries. The Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009577 mother\u2013child dyads, recruited from June 2009\u2013September 2010) ascertained gestational smoking exposure (by questionnaires and plasma cotinine), DNAm (using umbilical cord tissue), and child dental caries (by clinical examinations at age 3\u2009y). We used zero-inflated Poisson regression to evaluate whether a weighted smoking-associated DNAm risk score (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      wMRS\n                      <jats:sub>DNAm<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was associated with the count of tooth surface caries, adjusted for maternal age, education, ethnicity, breastfeeding, preterm status, child sex, and toothbrushing frequency. Of the women, 53% were never smokers and 3% were heavy smokers; children had a mean (standard deviation) of 2.47 (5.20) decayed, missing, and filled surfaces. The mean\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      wMRS\n                      <jats:sub>DNAm<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    for the 16 CpGs included was \u22120.21 (0.02), with an interquartile range of 0.02. Each additional IQR of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      wMRS\n                      <jats:sub>DNAm<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    was associated with a 20% higher adjusted caries experience risk, relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval [CI])\u2009=\u20091.20 (1.10, 1.31), and a lower adjusted odds of excess zeros, odds ratio (95% CI)\u2009=\u20090.91 (0.70, 1.17). Children of mothers who smoked during gestation (based on self-report\/cotinine) also had higher adjusted caries experience risk: relative risk (RR) (95% CI)\u2009=\u20091.31 (1.11, 1.55) and RR (95% CI)\u2009=\u20091.12 (0.81, 1.54) for light and heavy smoking, respectively. These findings corroborate a link between prenatal smoking and offspring caries and provide novel information of a positive association between maternal smoking-associated DNAm risk scores and greater offspring caries experience. While replication in independent studies is warranted as these results are based on CpGs derived from umbilical cord DNA, these findings point to a need for greater smoking cessation support.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251362803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T07:47:26Z","timestamp":1757922446000},"page":"451-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Smoking-Associated DNA Methylation and Offspring Caries Experience: Findings from the GUSTO Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1207-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.A.","family":"Akinkugbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7367-3204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.-Y.S.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Lesseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Midya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.H.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital (KKH)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.Y.","family":"Jerry Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital (KKH)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.G.","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.-Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.S.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children\u2019s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Public Health Studies, Thompson School of Social Work &amp; Public Health, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii"},{"name":"Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.O.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Karnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.L.","family":"Teh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Development and Potential (IHDP), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"},{"name":"Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2020.101201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.10.1258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2011.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200901-0135OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512444929"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"The relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental-reported experience of dental caries in Indigenous Australian children","volume":"33","author":"Claudia C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Claudia C, Ju X, Mejia G, Jamieson L. 2016. The relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental-reported experience of dental caries in Indigenous Australian children. Community Dent Health. 33(4):297\u2013302.","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.301.2.594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp8099"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S204017441500121X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8051503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00916.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.77.11.1435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.116.001506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205412"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.54064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0970-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ede.0000000000000864"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Cotinine validation of self-reported smoking during pregnancy in the Swedish Medical Birth Register","volume":"18","author":"Mattsson K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mattsson K, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n K, Rignell-Hydbom A, Lindh CH, J\u00f6nsson BA, Gustafsson P, Olofsson P, Ivarsson SA, Rylander L. 2016. 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