{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:43:26Z","timestamp":1792291406011,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"sichuan provincial science and technology support program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFHZ0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFHZ0008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82401095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019014","name":"Chengdu Municipal Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-YF09-00008-SN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-YF09-00008-SN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dental caries is closely associated with microbiome dysbiosis. Incorporating antimicrobial agents can enhance the efficacy of fluoride toothpaste. Our previous studies showed that caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), derived from propolis, effectively inhibited cariogenic bacteria. To formulate a novel CAPE-containing fluoridated toothpaste and establish a multistage evaluation system assessing its caries-controlling efficacy. The CAPE toothpaste\u2019s physicochemical properties were characterized. Its in vitro antimicrobial activity against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    was examined using quantitative suspension and checkerboard microdilution assays. In vivo anticaries efficacy and biosafety were evaluated in a rat caries model (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099\/group) comparing 5 groups: untreated control (group NC), base toothpaste without CAPE (group B, 600\u2009ppm F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), CAPE\u2013fluoride toothpaste (group C, 0.16\u2009mg\/mL CAPE + 600\u2009ppm F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), fluoride control (group F, DARLIE\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 600\u2009ppm F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and propolis nonfluoride control (group P, Red Seal\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Caries severity was scored using the Keyes method. Finally, in situ enamel repair (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924 enamel blocks) and plaque microbiome modulation (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096 samples) were assessed in a 7-d clinical study (ChiCTR2400089643) with 4 groups (groups NC, C, F, and P). The novel formulation showed stable physicochemical properties. Group C reduced\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    by 1.5-log10 within 3\u2009min (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0062 vs NC), and CAPE plus fluoride exhibited additive antibacterial properties (fractional inhibitory concentration index\u2009=\u20090.75). In rats, group C showed the lowest smooth-surface score (21.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.005 vs. all) and reduced sulcal lesion severity (slight dentinal lesions:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0181 vs. NC and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0318 vs. F). In situ, group C achieved 27.58% surface microhardness recovery (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01 vs. all), with significant reductions in mineral loss and lesion depth (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 vs. all). Microbiome analysis revealed a preserved microbial diversity, increased\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus oralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and reduced cariogenic populations. The novel CAPE-containing fluoridated toothpaste effectively inhibited the onset and development of caries. Wider-ranging and longer-term clinical investigations are still needed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251374959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T09:34:57Z","timestamp":1760780097000},"page":"746-755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Caries Control by CAPE Toothpaste: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Situ Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Y.F.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Endodontic and Operative Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.S.","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Endodontic and Operative Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Endodontic and Operative Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.H.","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontic and Operative Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.X.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Endodontic and Operative Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.L.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Endodontic and Operative Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00355-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.2013.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02322-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241293410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01442-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2010.00745.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00674-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.104895"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-018-2773-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","unstructured":"General Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine of the People\u2019s Republic of China (AQSIQ) Standardization Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China (SAC). 2017. 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