{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:20:04Z","timestamp":1780082404580,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE028258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE028258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DE032310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE032310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adv Dent Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral mucositis is a significant side effect of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or their combination in cancer patients. Current clinical management focuses primarily on symptom control, with few effective therapeutic agents. Understanding the factors influencing susceptibility to oral mucositis is essential for a comprehensive grasp of its pathophysiology. This study investigates sex as a biological variable in radiation-induced oral mucositis. Oral mucositis was induced via X-ray ionizing radiation using a fractionated dose of 8 Gy\/d for 5 consecutive days, targeting only the head and neck area using male and female C57BL\/6J mice aged 7 to 9 wk. Following sex-guided time points, we harvested tongues, stained with toluidine blue, and imaged to visualize mucosal damage. Histopathological analyses were performed using hematoxylin and eosin staining to assess mucositis severity and inflammatory infiltration. All irradiated groups showed a significant increase in mucositis severity versus controls, measured by the total number and area of ulcerative lesions as well as inflammatory cell infiltrate. Notably, there was a significant decrease in epithelial thickness in irradiated mice compared with nonirradiated controls, consistent with oral mucositis. Furthermore, female mice exhibited a greater area of ulcerative lesions and higher inflammatory cell infiltrate scores than males did. This study highlights the sexual dimorphism in the murine model of fractionated ionizing radiation\u2013induced oral mucositis, demonstrating that female mice have an increased susceptibility to irradiation treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251392081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T16:33:11Z","timestamp":1766161991000},"page":"9-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Influence of Sex on the Development of Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"C.L.","family":"Kirkwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4519-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.L.","family":"Kirkwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Head &amp; Neck\/Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsheyyab F et al. 2021. Impact of severe oral mucositis in pediatric cancer patients on resource utilization and cancer treatment plans. Int J Clin Pharm. 43(5):1322\u20131326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-021-01253-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-021-01253-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowen JM Gibson RJ Keefe DM. 2011. Animal models of mucositis: implications for therapy. J Support Oncol. 9(5):161\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suponc.2011.04.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suponc.2011.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damascena LCL et al. 2020. Severe oral mucositis in pediatric cancer patients: survival analysis and predictive factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(4):1235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17041235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Pinto R et al. 2024. Meta-analysis of oral microbiome reveals sex-based diversity in biofilms during periodontitis. JCI Insight. 9(17):e171311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.171311","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.171311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eilers J Million R. 2007. Prevention and management of oral mucositis in patients with cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs. 23(3):201\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soncn.2007.05.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elad S et al. 2020. MASCC\/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer. 126(19):4423\u20134431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.33100","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elting LS Cooksley CD Chambers MS Garden AS. 2007. Risk outcomes and costs of radiation-induced oral mucositis among patients with head-and-neck malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 68(4):1110\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.01.053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2007.01.053"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","first-page":"4557","article-title":"A guide to histomorphological evaluation of intestinal inflammation in mouse models","volume":"7","author":"Erben U","year":"2014","unstructured":"Erben U, et al. 2014. A guide to histomorphological evaluation of intestinal inflammation in mouse models. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 7(8):4557\u20134576.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover CM More VP Singh N Grover S. 2014. Crosstalk between hormones and oral health in the mid-life of women: a comprehensive review. 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