{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:19:02Z","timestamp":1792804742873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the project from National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases","award":["LCC202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCC202203"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ddkvp86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82270973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the general project from State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration","award":["2024MS03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MS03"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024M764325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M764325"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi key research and development program","award":["2025SYS-SYSZD-024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SYS-SYSZD-024"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi key research and development program","award":["2025YF-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YF-07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The development of caries management materials has concentrated on the dual objectives of inhibiting cariogenic microorganisms and promoting remineralization. In this study, 2 dual-functional ionic liquid (IL) varnishes, exhibiting both antibacterial and remineralization capabilities, were synthesized as novel anticaries agents. The ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared by modifying 1-hexylimidazolium IL with 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane, followed by anion exchange with F\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a coordination reaction with Sr\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively. The ILs were characterized using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antibacterial efficacy of the ILs was evaluated through colony counting, live\/dead staining, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Subsequently, the ILs were blended with rosin to form IL varnishes. The remineralization potential of the IL varnishes was assessed through microhardness test, acid resistance test, SEM, EDS, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, in vivo anticaries treatment with the IL varnishes was conducted using a dental caries animal model. Histopathological and oral microbiome analyses were performed to evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility of the materials. The comprehensive analysis by EDS, IC, ICP-OES, and FTIR collectively confirmed the successful synthesis of the ILs. Antibacterial assays revealed that ILs at concentrations as low as 25 \u00b5M eliminated more than 80% of cariogenic bacteria within 60 min and significantly decreased viable bacteria in biofilms within 24 h. Following a 7-d treatment with the IL varnishes, SEM analysis of acid-etched enamel demonstrated reduced interspace depth, along with substantially increased microhardness and significantly improved acid resistance versus the negative control group. As compared with the fluoride varnish, the IL varnishes are more effective in preventing dental caries in rats, without harming oral buccal mucosa, major organs, or microbiota diversity. In conclusion, the IL varnishes developed in this study are not only straightforward to synthesize but also exhibit significant potential against dental caries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251397916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T04:15:02Z","timestamp":1765340102000},"page":"1020-1030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dual-Functional Ionic Liquid Varnishes for Dental Caries Management"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6625-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.-W.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.-F.","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology, The 928th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Haikou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.-L.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.-Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.-C.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.-X.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.-N.","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2213-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W.-K.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1898-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.-C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; 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