{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:38:58Z","timestamp":1793093938852,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L252202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L252202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fibrous dysplasia (FD), cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF), and cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) are fibro-osseous lesions of the jaw that share histologic features, making their differentiation in routine pathology practice challenging. Distinguishing these conditions is crucial for clinical management due to their varying prognoses. To address these limitations, we developed and validated a deep learning model using 1,218 hematoxylin and eosin whole slide images from 338 cases (FD,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 130; COF,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 146; COD,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 62) across 3 institutions. After digital scanning and image preprocessing, we compared 4 training strategies using a ResNet-50 backbone with loss functions and multiple-instance learning: weakly and fully supervised models on single or multiple slides. In the test set, the weakly supervised model on multislide achieved the best performance (area under the curve, 0.86; accuracy, 0.71) as compared with other models, exceeding the diagnostic accuracy of experienced oral pathologists. Visualization with probability heat maps revealed that the model identified key histomorphologic patterns critical for distinguishing FD, COF, and COD. These results demonstrate that a multislide, weakly supervised deep learning approach can provide a classification aid for fibro-osseous lesions with higher discriminative performance than oral pathologists when only histologic slides are considered, highlighting its potential as a supportive tool alongside clinical, radiologic, and molecular data. However, we acknowledge that the test cohort is limited in sample size and geographic diversity; thus, while the results are promising, further expansion and more diverse cohorts would be needed to fully substantiate the generalizability of the model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345261415888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:39:46Z","timestamp":1771936786000},"page":"1419-1428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deep Learning on Histology Images for Differentiating Fibro-osseous Lesions of the Jaw"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0568-8601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.B.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University &amp; Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration &amp; Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration &amp; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology &amp; National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7608-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University &amp; Visual Intelligence +X International Cooperation Joint Laboratory of MOE, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3426-3879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology &amp; National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.Y.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology &amp; National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.H.","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University &amp; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.x.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology &amp; National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8384-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z.P.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Oral Radiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology &amp; National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.X.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University &amp; Visual Intelligence +X International Cooperation Joint Laboratory of MOE, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4571-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.S.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China"},{"name":"Central laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.J.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology &amp; National Center of Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Haidian District, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumhoer D et al. 2022. 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