{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:38:23Z","timestamp":1793093903566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"canadian institutes of health research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["187502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the average treatment effect (ATE) of tooth extraction before radiotherapy on the risk of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and to estimate the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) to characterize heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE). In this retrospective cohort study of adults with HNC treated with curative radiotherapy from 2011 to 2018 with ongoing follow-up, the intervention was the extraction of at least 1 tooth before radiotherapy, and the outcome was ORN (ClinRad grade \u22651). Twenty sociodemographic and clinical covariates were recorded. A causal survival forest targeting restricted mean survival time (RMST) was trained with 100 repetitions of 5-fold cross-validation. Calibration used out-of-fold augmented inverse probability weighting (AIPW) scores as pseudo-outcomes, and treatment prioritization was assessed using the rank-weighted average treatment effect (RATE). A best linear projection regression identified covariates with direct associations to the predicted benefit. Among 2,466 patients, 810 underwent preradiotherapy extraction, and 183 developed ORN during the follow-up. The ATE was not significant at \u22120.26\u2009mo (95% confidence interval [CI]: \u22120.68 to 0.17). However, the CATE distributions revealed substantial HTE, with patients in the lowest quartile (Q1) experiencing harm and those in the highest quartile (Q4) deriving benefit. Calibration against AIPW scores confirmed median RMST differences of \u22121.47\u2009mo in Q1 and +0.94\u2009mo in Q4. The RATE was positive at 1.10 (95% CI: 0.04 to 2.15). Best linear projection identified Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 1 to 4 versus 0 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20092.68; 95% CI: 0.19 to 5.17) and periodontal grade III\u2013IV versus 0 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20094.33; 95% CI: 1.05 to 7.60) as independent modifiers of benefit. Radiation dose had a nonlinear association with treatment effect. If preradiotherapy tooth extraction was applied across all eligible patients, it would not alter the overall risk of ORN. However, individualized treatment effects varied, with some patients benefiting and others harmed, underscoring the importance of targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345261424748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:53:43Z","timestamp":1773309223000},"page":"1564-1573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Estimating the Individualized Effect of Tooth Extraction before Radiotherapy on Osteoradionecrosis Using Causal Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4364-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Moharrami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dental Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"American Academy of Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry (AAAI-D), Los Angeles, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2096-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dental Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.H.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck Surgery, University Health Network\/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head &amp; Neck Surgery, University Health Network\/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hosni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Quinonez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Glogauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dental Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin PC. 2009. 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