{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,19]],"date-time":"2026-07-19T12:05:22Z","timestamp":1784462722756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC028979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC028979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC016598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC016598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Taste buds (TBs) are the fundamental units of taste perception and are distributed throughout the oral cavity, including the tongue, soft palate, epiglottis, pharynx, and retromolar pad. Despite their widespread presence, a complete and systematic understanding of TB distribution and functional organization remains incomplete. In this study, we focus on a small population of TBs located in the mandibular sublingual caruncle of mice, adjacent to the openings of the Wharton\u2019s ducts, a site previously noted in anatomical and physiological studies that has not been comprehensively characterized. TBs of the sublingual caruncle exhibit canonical morphology and cellular composition, comprising type I (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">NTPDase2<\/jats:italic>\n                    +), type II (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trpm5<\/jats:italic>\n                    +), and type III (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Car4<\/jats:italic>\n                    +) cells, as confirmed by transgenic reporter lines and immunofluorescence staining. Molecular analysis revealed the expression of key taste transduction components, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Gnat3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trpm5<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plcb2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as 26 of 35 bitter taste receptors. Immunofluorescence confirmed TB innervation by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2III-tubulin<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013positive nerve fibers, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P2X3<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive sensory afferents,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Synapsin-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013positive presynaptic terminals, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CGRP<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive peptidergic endings, indicating integration into the peripheral gustatory circuitry. Retrograde neuronal tracing (Dil\/DiO) further demonstrated that nerve fibers associated with sublingual caruncle TBs project specifically to the geniculate but not the petrosal ganglion, supporting their attribution to the facial gustatory pathway. Functionally, localized sucrose stimulation of the sublingual caruncle elicited\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cFos<\/jats:italic>\n                    activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract, indicating central connectivity. Furthermore, tastants representing all 5 basic taste qualities (sweet, sour, bitter, umami, and salty) elicited measurable saliva secretion, with bitter-, sweet-, and umami-induced salivation reduced in transgenic mouse models with impaired gustatory function. Together, these findings establish the sublingual caruncle as a functional gustatory site involved in taste-evoked salivary reflexes, expanding current understanding of taste system organization and its coordination with salivary function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345261451849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:13:03Z","timestamp":1784290383000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sublingual Caruncle Taste Buds Drive Taste Perception and Salivary Reflexes"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Department of Basic &amp; Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic &amp; Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"UCLA School of Dentistry, Section of Endodontics, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"},{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4608-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"X.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases &amp; National Center for Stomatology &amp; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &amp; Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-0676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Tizzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic &amp; Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"AlJulaih GH Lasrado S. 2025. 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