{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:59:40Z","timestamp":1785142780135,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010256","name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A04J6614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J6614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010256","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82470963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82470963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although bacterial infection is the primary etiological factor of pulpitis, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) play significant roles in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases independent of bacteria. However, the involvement of BEVs in pulpitis has yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated for the first time the specific mechanisms of action of EVs derived from\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Pi) in pulpitis. Our results revealed that Pi-EVs were taken up by macrophages, which amplified their pathogenic effects, thereby inducing inflammation in dental pulp cells (DPCs) and contributing to the progression of pulpitis. Mechanistically, Pi-EVs caused macrophage necroptosis to promote interleukin-33 (IL-33) secretion. Secreted IL-33 subsequently targeted DPCs, inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and driving the development of pulpitis. Taken together, our study identified Pi-EVs as a potential virulence factor in pulpitis and revealed a previously unrecognized pathogenic cascade: Pi-EVs \u2013 macrophage necroptosis \u2013 IL-33 \u2013 ER stress in DPCs. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of pulpitis development from the perspective of bacterial extracellular vesicles. Our study expands the understanding of pulpitis pathogenesis by highlighting the role of bacterial\u2013host cell interactions and may offer new targeted therapeutic strategies for pulpitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345261461507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:22:44Z","timestamp":1784956964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Prevotella intermedia<\/i>\n                    \u2013Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Pulpitis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4498-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Q.","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"},{"name":"Foshan Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"X.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4484-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abulhamael AM et al. 2023. Effects of bacterial metabolites on the Wnt4 protein in dental-pulp-stem-cells-based endodontic pulpitis treatment. Microorganisms. 11(7):1764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11071764","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071764"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertheloot D Latz E Franklin BS. 2021. Necroptosis pyroptosis and apoptosis: an intricate game of cell death. Cell Mol Immunol. 18(5):1106\u20131121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-020-00630-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00630-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bittel M et al. 2021. Visualizing transfer of microbial biomolecules by outer membrane vesicles in microbe-host-communication in vivo. J Extracell Vesicles. 10(12):e12159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.12159","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitto NJ et al. 2021. Staphylococcus aureus membrane vesicles contain immunostimulatory DNA RNA and peptidoglycan that activate innate immune receptors and induce autophagy. J Extracell Vesicles. 10(6):e12080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.12080","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao H et al. 2012. Detection of Porphyromonas endodontalis Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in primary endodontic infections in a Chinese population. Int Endod J. 45(8):773\u2013781. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02035.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02035.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayrol C Girard J. 2014. IL-33: an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in innate immunity inflammation and allergy. Curr Opin Immunol. 31:31\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2014.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecil JD Sirisaengtaksin N O\u2019Brien-Simpson NM Krachler AM. 2019. Outer membrane vesicle-host cell interactions. Microbiol Spectr. 7(1):10.1128\/microbiolspec.psib-0001-2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.psib-0001-2018","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PSIB-0001-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celik C Lee SYT Yap WS Thibault G. 2023. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipids in health and diseases. Prog Lipid Res. 89:101198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101198"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen G Sun Q Cai Q Zhou H. 2022. Outer membrane vesicles from Fusobacterium nucleatum switch M0-like macrophages toward the M1 phenotype to destroy periodontal tissues in mice. Front Microbiol. 13:815638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.815638","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.815638"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen L et al. 2022. Interleukin-33 regulates the endoplasmic reticulum stress of human myometrium via an influx of calcium during initiation of labor. Elife. 11:e75072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.75072","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75072"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai X et al. 2022. Enterococcus faecalis-induced macrophage necroptosis promotes refractory apical periodontitis. Microbiol Spectr. 10(4):e0104522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.01045-22","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01045-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engin F. 2016. ER stress and development of type 1 diabetes. J Investig Med. 64(1):2\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jim.0000000000000229","DOI":"10.1097\/JIM.0000000000000229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuyama N Sircili MP. 2021. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by gram-negative bacteria: structure functions biogenesis and vaccine application. Biomed Res Int. 2021:1490732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1490732","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1490732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galicia JC Guzzi PH Giorgi FM Khan AA. 2020. Predicting the response of the dental pulp to SARS-CoV2 infection: a transcriptome-wide effect cross-analysis. Genes Immun. 21(5):360\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41435-020-00112-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-020-00112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaudin A et al. 2015. Phenotypic analysis of immunocompetent cells in healthy human dental pulp. J Endod. 41(5):621\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2015.01.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez MF D\u00edaz P Sandoval-B\u00f3rquez A Herrera D Quest AFG. 2021. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles and extracellular vesicles from helicobacter pylori-infected cells in gastric disease development. Int J Mol Sci. 22(9):4823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094823","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo X et al. 2025. New insights into the correlation between necroptotic activation and neutrophil infiltration in pulpitis. Int Dent J. 75(3):1649\u20131661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2025.02.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haapasalo M. 1993. Black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes in endodontic infections. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 6(2\u20133):213\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-695x.1993.tb00329.x","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-8244(93)90095-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong M et al. 2023. Fusobacterium nucleatum aggravates rheumatoid arthritis through FadA-containing outer membrane vesicles. Cell Host Microbe. 31(5):798\u2013810.e7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang K et al. 2025. Topical delivery of a human single-domain antibody targeting IL-33 to inhibit mucosal inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol. 22(8):918\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-025-01305-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01305-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krivanek J et al. 2020. Dental cell type atlas reveals stem and differentiated cell types in mouse and human teeth. Nat Commun. 11(1):4816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18512-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18512-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 triggers inflammatory responses and cell death through caspase-8 activation. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 5(1):235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-020-00334-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00334-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li W et al. 2025. Fusobacterium nucleatum-derived outer membrane vesicles promote immunotherapy resistance via changes in tryptophan metabolism in tumour-associated macrophages. J Extracell Vesicles. 14(4):e70070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.70070","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao C et al. 2024. Necroptosis enhances \u2018don\u2019t eat me\u2019 signal and induces macrophage extracellular traps to promote pancreatic cancer liver metastasis. Nat Commun. 15(1):6043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-50450-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50450-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liew FY Girard J Turnquist HR. 2016. Interleukin-33 in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 16(11):676\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2016.95","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.95"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin Y Jiang M Chen W Zhao T Wei Y. 2019. Cancer and ER stress: mutual crosstalk between autophagy oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Biomed Pharmacother. 118:109249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J et al. 2021. Extracellular vesicles from child gut microbiota enter into bone to preserve bone mass and strength. Adv Sci (Weinh). 8(9):2004831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202004831","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202004831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu C Yang G Peng X. 2025. MicroRNAs in pulpitis: regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Int J Biol Macromol. 318(Pt 1):145025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.145025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naama M Bel S. 2023. Autophagy-ER stress crosstalk controls mucus secretion and susceptibility to gut inflammation. Autophagy. 19(11):3014\u20133016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548627.2023.2228191","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2228191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naruse T et al. 2024. Possible involvement of X-box binding protein-1 in the onset of pulpitis. Eur Endod J. 9(4):335\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14744\/eej.2024.49344","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2024.49344"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasparakis M Vandenabeele P. 2015. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature. 517(7534):311\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature14191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reverendo M Mendes A Arg\u00fcello RJ Gatti E Pierre P. 2019. At the crossway of ER-stress and proinflammatory responses. FEBS J. 286(2):297\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.14391","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartorio MG Pardue EJ Feldman MF Haurat MF. 2021. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles: from discovery to applications. Annu Rev Microbiol. 75:609\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-052821-031444","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-052821-031444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmitz J et al. 2005. IL-33 an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines. Immunity. 23(5):479\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selvakumar DR et al. 2021. Active bacteria in carious dentin of mandibular molars with different pulp conditions: an in vivo study. J Endod. 47(12):1883\u20131889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2021.08.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakerian L et al. 2022. IL-33\/ST2 axis in autoimmune disease. Cytokine. 158:156015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.156015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.156015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shlomovitz I et al. 2019. Necroptosis directly induces the release of full-length biologically active IL-33 in vitro and in an inflammatory disease model. FEBS J. 286(3):507\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.14738","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14738"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian J et al. 2025. Dental follicle stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles ameliorate pulpitis by reprogramming macrophage metabolism. Bioact Mater. 51:179\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.04.034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin MS Yu WS Lim LW. 2021. Exploring ER stress response in cellular aging and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Ageing Res Rev. 70:101417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101417"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H et al. 2026. Excessive fibrin deposition disrupts immune-epithelial crosstalk and impairs resolution of diabetes-associated periodontitis. Dent Res. 1(2):100026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dtrs.2026.100026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dtrs.2026.100026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei S et al. 2022. Outer membrane vesicles secreted by Helicobacter pylori transmitting gastric pathogenic virulence factors. ACS Omega. 7(1):240\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.1c04549","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werts AD et al. 2020. A novel role for necroptosis in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9(3):403\u2013423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong Fok Lung T et al. 2020. Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants impair host immunity by activating host cell glycolysis and inducing necroptosis. Nat Microbiol. 5(1):141\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0597-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0597-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin H et al. 2019. Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 secretes extracellular vesicles to accelerate cutaneous wound healing by promoting angiogenesis. Theranostics. 9(9):2678\u20132693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.31884","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.31884"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345261461507","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00220345261461507","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345261461507","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:02:30Z","timestamp":1785139350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00220345261461507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00220345261461507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345261461507","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0345","1544-0591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0345","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"article-number":"00220345261461507"}}