{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:50:18Z","timestamp":1792349418485,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR IGUANA (grant ANR-23-CE19-0003)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR IGUANA (grant ANR-23-CE19-0003)."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium alloys based on Ti6Al4V (TA6V) are widely employed as metallic materials for dental implants owing to their overall mechanical and biological performance. However, challenges remain, particularly the mismatch in elastic modulus between the alloy and bone tissue, as well as concerns regarding the potential release of cytotoxic ions such as aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V). Therefore, optimizing alloy composition is crucial to improve peri-implant tissue integration and enhance long-term implant stability. In this in vitro study, the cytocompatibility of a newly developed \u03b2-titanium alloy, Ti20Zr3Mo (at%) free of Al and V and exhibiting a reduced elastic modulus compared to that of TA6V, was evaluated using primary human gingival fibroblasts, representative of peri-implant soft tissues. The experimental alloy was compared to conventional TA6V and commercially pure titanium (Cp-Ti40). Several endpoints were investigated to characterize cell\u2013material interactions. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were analyzed by Live\/Dead fluorescence staining, while metabolic activity was assessed using the Alamar Blue assay. Cell adhesion and surface colonization were observed through scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser imaging. In addition, extracellular matrix production, including collagen deposition, was examined to evaluate the potential for soft tissue integration. Results demonstrated that Ti20Zr3Mo alloy supported comparable cell viability to Cp-Ti40 while exhibiting enhanced surface colonization by fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the substitution of Al and V with Zr and Mo in specific proportions may promote suitable fibroblast\u2013Ti-alloy interactions, which could improve peri-implant soft tissue sealing and contribute to the long-term success of dental implants. This work highlights a promising strategy for developing next-generation titanium alloys that combine improved biological responses with suitable mechanical properties, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the long-term clinical performance of dental implants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345261486419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:24:05Z","timestamp":1792049045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peri-implant Soft Tissue Cell Behavior on Experimental \u03b2-Ti Alloys"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Montet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimat\u00e9riaux et Interfaces (LMI) UMR 5615, Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7300-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Labadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimat\u00e9riaux et Interfaces (LMI) UMR 5615, Villeurbanne, France"},{"name":"INSA Lyon, CNRS, LaMCoS, UMR5259, Villeurbanne, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MATEIS, UMR5510, Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Abouelleil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimat\u00e9riaux et Interfaces (LMI) UMR 5615, Villeurbanne, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9e d\u2019Odontologie, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D-M.","family":"Gordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR6226, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Vinault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR6226, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Gloriant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR6226, Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lafon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimat\u00e9riaux et Interfaces (LMI) UMR 5615, Villeurbanne, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9e d\u2019Odontologie, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service D\u2019odontologie, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Attik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimat\u00e9riaux et Interfaces (LMI) UMR 5615, Villeurbanne, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9e d\u2019Odontologie, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attik N et al. 2022. Comparison of the biological behavior and topographical surface assessment of a minimally invasive dental implant and a standard implant: an in vitro study. Materials (Basel). 15(21):7540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15217540","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15217540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awad AH Saood M Aly HA Abdelghany AW. 2025. Role of Mo and Zr additions in enhancing the behavior of new Ti\u2013Mo alloys for implant materials. Met Mater Int. 31(5):1232\u20131253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12540-024-01813-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12540-024-01813-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraka S et al. 2025. Soft tissue attachment of human gingival fibroblasts to titanium dioxide nanotubes compared to commercially pure titanium and its alloys: a systematic review. BDJ Open. 11(1):58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41405-025-00293-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-025-00293-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barberi J Spriano S. 2021. Titanium and protein adsorption: an overview of mechanisms and effects of surface features. Materials (Basel). 14(7):1590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14071590","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14071590"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocchetta P et al. 2021. Passive layers and corrosion resistance of biomedical Ti-6Al-4V and \u03b2-Ti alloys. Coatings. 11(5):487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings11050487","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11050487"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunello G et al. 2018. Biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of zirconium nitride coating on titanium abutments: an in vitro study. PLoS ONE. 13(6):e0199591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0199591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calazans Neto JV et al. 2024. Recent advances and prospects in \u03b2-type titanium alloys for dental implants applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 10(10):6029\u20136060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00963","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen L-Y Cui Y-W Zhang L-C. 2020. Recent development in beta titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Metals. 10(9):1139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met10091139","DOI":"10.3390\/met10091139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias Corpa Tardelli J Bolfarini C C\u00e2ndido Dos Reis A. 2020. Comparative analysis of corrosion resistance between beta titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloys: a systematic review. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 62:126618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duyck J et al. 2006. The influence of micro-motion on the tissue differentiation around immediately loaded cylindrical turned titanium implants. Arch Oral Biol. 51(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.04.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geetha M Singh AK Asokamani R Gogia AK. 2009. Ti based biomaterials the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants\u2014a review. Prog Mater Sci. 54(3):397\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Florit M et al. 2014. Differential response of human gingival fibroblasts to titanium- and titanium-zirconium-modified surfaces. J Periodontal Res. 49(4):425\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jre.12121","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo Y Wang X Wang C Chen S. 2022. In vitro behaviour of human gingival fibroblasts cultured on 3D-printed titanium alloy with hydrogenated TiO2 nanotubes. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 33(3):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10856-022-06649-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-022-06649-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanawa T. 2020. Zirconia versus titanium in dentistry: a review. Dent Mater J. 39(1):24\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4012\/dmj.2019-172","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e9riveaux Y et al. 2022. Mechanical micromodeling of stress-shielding at the bone-implant interphase under shear loading. Med Biol Eng Comput. 60(11):3281\u20133293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11517-022-02657-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-022-02657-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppe V et al. 2021. Study of cytotoxic activity of Ti\u201313Nb\u201313Zr medical alloy with different surface finishing techniques. J Mater Sci. 56(31):17747\u201317767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10853-021-06430-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-021-06430-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin S et al. 2024. Surface modification strategies to reinforce the soft tissue seal at transmucosal region of dental implants. Bioact Mater. 42:404\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.08.042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitamura E Stegaroiu R Nomura S Miyakawa O. 2004. Biomechanical aspects of marginal bone resorption around osseointegrated implants: considerations based on a three-dimensional finite element analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 15(4):401\u2013412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2004.01022.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2004.01022.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komatsu K et al. 2024. Nanofeatured surfaces in dental implants: contemporary insights and impending challenges. Int J Implant Dent. 10(1):34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40729-024-00550-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-024-00550-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopova I et al. 2016. Newly developed Ti\u2013Nb\u2013Zr\u2013Ta\u2013Si\u2013Fe biomedical beta titanium alloys with increased strength and enhanced biocompatibility. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 60:230\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2015.11.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6un\u00f6nen M Hormia M Kivilahti J Hautaniemi J Thesleff I. 1992. Effect of surface processing on the attachment orientation and proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts on titanium. J Biomed Mater Res. 26(10):1325\u20131341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.820261006","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820261006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labadi C et al. 2026. Toward clinically relevant in vitro models for dental implant integration: methodological insights and translational perspectives. Dent Mater. S0109-5641(26)00355-6. In press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2026.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2026.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ladani L Palmieri M. 2024. Review of the use of metals in biomedical applications: biocompatibility additive manufacturing technologies and standards and regulations. Metals. 14(9):1039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met14091039","DOI":"10.3390\/met14091039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee H-J et al. 2015. Microgrooves on titanium surface affect peri-implant cell adhesion and soft tissue sealing; an in vitro and in vivo study. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 45(3):120\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5051\/jpis.2015.45.3.120","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2015.45.3.120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefran\u00e7ois E et al. 2025. In vitro evaluation of biocompatibility of Ti\u201320Zr\u20133Mo\u20133Sn \u03b2-alloy for oral implantology. Sci Rep. 15(1):39070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-24965-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24965-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima JHC et al. 2024. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts behavior after contact with different titanium surfaces used as implant abutment: an in vitro experimental study. Heliyon. 10(3):e25038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu J et al. 2023. Biocompatibility and osseointegration properties of a novel high strength and low modulus \u03b2- Ti10Mo6Zr4Sn3Nb alloy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 11:1127929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1127929","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1127929"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu XK et al. 2026. Optimization of mechanical properties and cost-reduction of potential orthopedic Zr alloys maintaining favorable biocompatibility through impurity utilization and microalloying. Int J Refract Metals Hard Mater. 138:107687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2026.107687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2026.107687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liverani E et al. 2021. Mechanical interaction between additive-manufactured metal lattice structures and bone in compression: implications for stress shielding of orthopaedic implants. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 121:104608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montet C et al. 2026. What enhancement could \u03b2-titanium bring to oral implantology? Dent Mater. 42(3):431\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2025.11.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2025.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutlu-Sagesen L Ergun G Karabulut E. 2011. Ion release from metal-ceramic alloys in three different media. Dent Mater J. 30(5):598\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4012\/dmj.2011-031","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2011-031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niinomi M. 2002. Recent metallic materials for biomedical applications. Metall Mater Trans A. 33(3):477\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11661-002-0109-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-002-0109-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niinomi M. 2003. Fatigue performance and cyto-toxicity of low rigidity titanium alloy Ti\u201329Nb\u201313Ta\u20134.6Zr. Biomaterials. 24(16):2673\u20132683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00069-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00069-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nokhrin A et al. 2021. Investigation of microstructure and corrosion resistance of Ti-Al-V titanium alloys obtained by spark plasma sintering. Metals. 11(6):945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met11060945","DOI":"10.3390\/met11060945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivares-Navarrete R et al. 2008. Integrin \u03b12\u03b21 plays a critical role in osteoblast response to micron-scale surface structure and surface energy of titanium substrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(41):15767\u201315772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0805420105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805420105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pae A Lee H Kim HS Kwon YD Woo YH. 2009. Attachment and growth behaviour of human gingival fibroblasts on titanium and zirconia ceramic surfaces. Biomed Mater. 4(2):025005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-6041\/4\/2\/025005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/4\/2\/025005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piotrowski B et al. 2014. Interaction of bone\u2013dental implant with new ultra low modulus alloy using a numerical approach. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 38:151\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2014.01.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.01.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin Y et al. 2025. A metamaterial scaffold beyond modulus limits: enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis of critical bone defects. Nat Commun. 16(1):2180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-57609-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57609-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rausch MA et al. 2021. Impact of implant surface material and microscale roughness on the initial attachment and proliferation of primary human gingival fibroblasts. Biology (Basel). 10(5):356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10050356","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10050356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy M et al. 2023. Biocompatibility of subperiosteal dental implants: effects of differently treated titanium surfaces on the expression of ECM-related genes in gingival fibroblasts. J Funct Biomater. 14(2):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb14020059","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14020059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semiatin SL. 2020. An overview of the thermomechanical processing of \u03b1\/\u03b2 titanium alloys: current status and future research opportunities. Metall Mater Trans A. 51(6):2593\u20132625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11661-020-05625-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-020-05625-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh D Rai V Agrawal DK. 2023. Regulation of collagen I and collagen III in tissue injury and regeneration. Cardiol Cardiovasc Med. 7(1):5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26502\/fccm.92920302","DOI":"10.26502\/fccm.92920302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuani VT et al. 2025. Enhanced collagenogenesis on three-dimensionally printed titanium surfaces by human gingival fibroblasts: an in vitro study. Biointerphases. 20(4):041002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/6.0004500","DOI":"10.1116\/6.0004500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Taylor J et al. 2012. Toxicological profile for Vanadium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); [accessed 2025 Apr 1]. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK592340\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobias G Chackartchi T Haim D Mann J Findler M. 2025. Dental implant survival rates: comprehensive insights from a large-scale electronic dental registry. J Funct Biomater. 16(2):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb16020060","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16020060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toledano-Serrabona J et al. 2023. Ion release and local effects of titanium metal particles from dental implants: an experimental study in rats. J Periodontol. 94(1):119\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JPER.22-0091","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.22-0091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner G et al. 2022. Influence of cold atmospheric plasma on dental implant materials\u2014an in vitro analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 26(3):2949\u20132963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-021-04277-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04277-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu D Isaksson P Ferguson SJ Persson C. 2018. Young\u2019s modulus of trabecular bone at the tissue level: a review. Acta Biomater. 78:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.08.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu W et al. 2018. Effects of porosity on mechanical properties and corrosion resistances of PM-fabricated porous Ti-10Mo alloy. Metals. 8(3):188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met8030188","DOI":"10.3390\/met8030188"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamada S Matsue M Lee JH. 1988. The reaction of peri-implant tissues to titanium alloy and apatite-coated implants during the healing phase. Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi. 30(4):1021\u20131031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2329\/perio.30.1021","DOI":"10.2329\/perio.30.1021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan X et al. 2020. Comparison of the osteoblastic activity of low elastic modulus Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn alloy and pure titanium modified by physical and chemical methods. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 113:111018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang C et al. 2021. Improved response of human gingival fibroblasts to titanium coated with micro-\/nano-structured tantalum. Int J Implant Dent. 7(1):36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40729-021-00316-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-021-00316-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345261486419","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00220345261486419","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345261486419","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T18:17:09Z","timestamp":1792347429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00220345261486419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00220345261486419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345261486419","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0345","1544-0591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0345","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"article-number":"00220345261486419"}}