{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T12:14:54Z","timestamp":1777810494845,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,1]],"date-time":"1990-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":654739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1990,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Metal alloys used in dentistry may elicit adverse side-effects. Contact allergic reactions to metals released from such alloys are among the most frequently encountered problems. In an earlier study, we observed that oral contacts with nickel or chromium salts did not sensitize, but rather decreased the risk of subsequent sensitization to these metals. In the present study, we focused on chromium allergy and extended our earlier observations by further dose-response studies. In addition, we compared different chromium valencies as to their potential oral tolerogenic effects. Development of immunological tolerance in chromium-fed guinea pigs was demonstrated by their inability to develop chromium hypersensitivity after a subsequent immunization attempt. For these studies, the techniques of immunization and skin testing were first improved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    One feeding with a high dose of K\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                    , (containing hexavalent chromium) was effective in full tolerance induction. In contrast, trivalent chromium (CrCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) induced a distinctly lower degree of tolerance, whereas metallic chromium powder was not detectably tolerogenic after a limited number of feedings. Dose-frequency-response studies with K\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    Cr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                    , showed that full tolerance could also be induced by an increase in the number of feedings with sub-optimal tolerogenic doses. The present results therefore support our hypothesis that long-lasting oral contact with chromium-releasing metal alloys may ultimately result in strong immune tolerance to this metal in subjects without previous skin contact with it. This view is further supported by recent insights into the unique tolerogenicity of oral, as compared with gastro-intestinal, allergenic contacts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690100201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,28]],"date-time":"2010-11-28T21:14:56Z","timestamp":1290978896000},"page":"1634-1639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Oral Induction of Immunological Tolerance to Chromium in the Guinea Pig"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"K.J.J.","family":"Vreeburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Free University, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.M.W.","family":"Van Hoogstraten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, de Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.M.E.","family":"Von Blomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, de Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"De Groot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials, School of Medicine, State University, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.J.","family":"Scheper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, de Boelelaan 1117 1081 HV Amsterdam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1990,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01762.x"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(77)90142-3"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297129","volume":"47","author":"Baranowska-Dutkiewicz, P.B.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(86)90097-9"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-61-15294P"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Cronin, E. (1980): Contact Dermatitis, Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, pp. 287-313."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-564202-6.50010-X"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"484","volume":"68","author":"Donaldson, R.M.","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.120.5.1604","volume":"120","author":"Greene, M.I.","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"227","volume":"17","author":"Hildebrand, H.F.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Buccale"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02864.x"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.3.1097","volume":"130","author":"Kraal, G.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1980.tb03916.x"},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"129","volume":"5","author":"Menne, T.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dermatosen"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555623541","volume":"62","author":"Menne, T.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Derm"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(87)90853-X"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Polak, L. (1980): Immunological Aspects of Contact Sensitivity; An Experimental Study. In: Monographs in Allergy, Vol. 15, R. Dukor, P. Kal\u00f3s , Z. Trnka, R.H. Waksman, and A.L. De Weck, Eds. Basel: S. Karger AG, pp. 1-170."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polak, L. (1983): Immunology of Chromium. In: Chromium Metabolism and Toxicity, D. Burrows, Ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., pp. 51-136.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429261015-4"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Scheper, R.J.; Von Blomberg, M.B.E.; Vreeburg, K.J.J.; and Van Hoogstraten, I.M.W. (1989): Recent Advances in Immunology of Nickel. In: Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology, H.I. Maibach and T. Menn\u00e9, Eds. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., pp. 55-64."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000231808"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/261046a0"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"323","volume":"65","author":"Titus, R.G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl Immun"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12496465"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1986.tb05275.x"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"1088","volume":"126","author":"Van Everdingen, J.J.E.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ned T Geneesk"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Hoogstraten, I.M.W.; Andersen, K.E.; Von Blomberg, B.M.E.; Boden, D.; Bruynzeel, D.P.; Burrows, D.; Camarasa, J.M.G.; Dooms-Goossens, A.; Lahti, A.; Rycroft, R.; Todd, D.; Vreeburg, K.J.J.; Wil-Kinson, J.D.; and Scheper, R.J. (1989): Preliminary Results of a Multicenter Study on the Incidence of Nickel Allergy in Relationship to Previous Oral and Cutaneous Contacts. In: Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis, P.J. Frosch, A. Dooms-Goossens , J.M. Lachapelle, R.J.G. Rycroft, and R.J. Scheper, Eds. 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