{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T12:31:19Z","timestamp":1777811479627,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,5,1]],"date-time":"1994-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":767750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pathobiological effects of eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), a major constituent of betel quid (BQ), were studied on oral mucosal fibroblasts. At a concentration higher than 3 mmol\/L, eugenol was cytotoxic to oral mucosal fibroblasts in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. Cell death was associated with intracellular depletion of glutathione (GSH). Most of the GSH was depleted prior to the onset of cell death. At concentrations of 3 mmol\/L and 4 mmol\/L, eugenol depleted about 45% and 77% of GSH after one-hour incubation. In addition, eugenol decreased cellular ATP level in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Eugenol also inhibited lipid peroxidation. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was partially explained by its dose-dependent inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity. The IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of eugenol on xanthine oxidase activity was about 0.3 mmol\/L. No DNA strand break activity for eugenol was found at concentrations between 0.5 and 3 mmol\/L. Taken together, frequent exposure of oral mucosa to a high concentration of eugenol during the chewing of BQ might be involved in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer via its cytotoxicity. In contrast, eugenol at a concentration less than 1 mmol\/L might protect cells from the genetic attack of reactive oxygen species via inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730050601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,19]],"date-time":"2017-07-19T05:24:04Z","timestamp":1500441844000},"page":"1050-1055","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Eugenol Triggers Different Pathobiological Effects on Human Oral Mucosal Fibroblasts 1"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"J.H.","family":"Jeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan 10016, ROC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.J.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan 10016, ROC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"EJ","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan 10016, ROC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YJ","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan 10016, ROC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.Y.P.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Chang-Te Street, Taipei, Taiwan 10016, ROC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams H. 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(1985). Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogens: report of the International Program on Chemical Safety's Collaborative Study on in vitro Assays. In: Progress in mutation research. Vol. 5. Ashby J, Styles JA, Boyland E, editors. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 555-568."},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(87)90095-0"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.31.3984"},{"key":"atypb28","unstructured":"NTP (1983). Carcinogenesis studies of eugenol (CAS No. 97-53-0) in F344\/N rats and B6C3Fi mice (feed studies) (NTP\/TR No. 223, NIH No. 84-1779). 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Stich HF, editor. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 43-58."},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"5294","volume":"49","author":"Sundqvist K.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(90)90525-P"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(91)90069-J"},{"key":"atypb40","unstructured":"Wills ED (1987). Evaluation of lipid peroxidation in lipids and biological membranes. In: Biochemical toxicology, a practical approach. Snell K, Mullock B, editors. 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