{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:30:13Z","timestamp":1789993813088,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]],"date-time":"1995-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":817776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries is a pandemic infectious disease which can affect the quality of life and consumes considerable health care resources. The chewing of xylitol, sorbitol, and even sugar gum has been suggested to reduce caries rates. No clinical study has simultaneously investigated the effectiveness of these gums when compared with a group receiving no chewing gum. A 40-month double-blind cohort study on the relationship between the use of chewing gum and dental caries was performed in 1989-1993 in Belize, Central America. One thousand two hundred and seventy-seven subjects (mean age, 10.2 years) were assigned to nine treatment groups: one control group (no supervised gum use), four xylitol groups (range of supervised xylitol consumption: 4.3 to 9.0 g\/day), two xylitol-sorbitol groups (range of supervised consumption of total polyols: 8.0 to 9.7 g\/day), one sorbitol group (supervised consumption: 9.0 g\/day), and one sucrose group (9.0 g\/day). The gum use during school hours was supervised. Four calibrated dentists performed the caries registrations by means of a modified WHO procedure. The primary endpoint was the development of an unequivocal caries lesion on a non-cavitated tooth surface. Compared with the no-gum group, sucrose gum usage resulted in a marginal increase in the caries rate (relative risk, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.96 to 1.49; p = 0.1128). Sorbitol gum significantly reduced caries rates (relative risk, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 0.92; p = 0.0074). The four xylitol gums were most effective in reducing caries rates, the most effective agent being a 100% xylitol pellet gum (relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.20 to 0.36; p = 0.0001). This gum was superior to any other gum (p &lt; 0.01). The xylitol-sorbitol mixtures were less effective than xylitol, but they still reduced caries rates significantly compared with the no-gum group. DMFS analyses were consistent with these conclusions. The results suggest that systematic usage of polyol-based chewing gums reduces caries rates in young subjects, with xylitol gums being more effective than sorbitol gums.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740121501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"1904-1913","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Xylitol Chewing Gums and Caries Rates: A 40-month Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"K.K.","family":"Makinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize City Hospital, Belize City, Belize"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.P.","family":"Hujoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.J.","family":"Isokangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ylivieska Health Center, Ylivieska, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.P.","family":"Isotupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"H.R.","family":"Pape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PL","family":"Makinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"The 1991 survey of dental practice","author":"American Dental Association","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Clinical national oral health survey (Knowledge, attitude and practice survey; KAP survey)","author":"Bennett CA","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359409029065"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Fundamental measures of disease occurrence and association","author":"Breslow NE","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Brunelle JA (1989). Dental caries of United States children. The national survey of caries in U.S. schoolchildren: 1986-1987.National survey and regional findings.Washington, DC: US Dept. of Health and Human Services. NIH Pub No 89-2247, pp. 1-337."},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"Burner ST","year":"1992","journal-title":"Health Care Finan Rev"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burt BA ( 1986). Community-based methods for preventing dental caries and periodontal disease. In: Systematized prevention of oral disease: theory and practice. Granath L, McHugh WD, editors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 145-160.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429283758-10"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charbeneau GT (1988). In: Principles and practice of operative dentistry. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, pp. 26,27. Driscoll WS, Nowjack-Raymer R, Heifetz SB, Li S-H, Selwitz RH (1990). 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