{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:25:44Z","timestamp":1791105944681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]],"date-time":"1997-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":867715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone remodeling in response to force requires the coordinated action of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and periodontal ligament cells. Coordination among these cells may be mediated, in part, by cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions. This study tests the hypothesis that the regulation of expression of connexin 43, a gap junction protein, is part of the transduction mechanism between force as applied to bone during orthodontic tooth movement and bone remodeling. To test this hypothesis, we examined connexin 43 expression in a rat model system of experimental tooth movement. To establish the model, we extracted maxillary first molars to initiate supra-eruption of opposing mandibular molars. The rats were killed at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hrs post-extraction. The mandibles were removed, demineralized, and embedded in paraffin. To localize connexin 43 protein and mRNA, we used a specific antibody for immunohistochemistry and a specific cDNA probe for in situ hybridization. Western and Northern blot analyses were used to assess the specificity of the connexin 43 antibody and cDNA probe, respectively. We found connexin 43 protein expressed by osteoclasts (++++) and periodontal ligament cells (+++) in compression zones, and by osteoblasts (++++) and osteocytes (++++) in tension zones of the periodontal ligament. In addition, connexin 43 mRNA was found in some bone and periodontal ligament cells. Connexin 43 protein was found, by densitometric analysis, to be higher in the periodontal ligament after exposure to force compared with controls (P &lt; 0.001). The number of osteocytes expressing connexin 43 48 hrs after molar extraction was also significantly greater in bone subjected to tension when compared with controls (P &lt; 0.001). The results of this study support the hypothesis that connexin 43 plays a role in the coordination of events during experimentally induced alveolar bone remodeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345970760070501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"1357-1366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Expression of Connexin 43 in Rat Mandibular Bone and Periodontal Ligament (PDL) Cells during Experimental Tooth Movement"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.L.","family":"Borke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.J.","family":"Donahue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA, Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.M.","family":"Warshawsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, College of Dentistry, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.M.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Biostatistics, Medical College of Georgia, School of Medicine, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.105.6.2621"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.2.595"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113196"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650100609"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/29.4.6166661"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345790580042101"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00185892"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.66.4.1074"},{"key":"atypb10","first-page":"G911","volume":"265","author":"Li Z.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makowski L. (1988). X-ray diffraction studies of gap junction structure . In: Advances in cell biology. Vol 2. Miller K, editor. Greenwich, CT: Jai Press, pp. 119-158.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2558(08)60432-4"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.38.020187.001021"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.111.5.2077"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)90119-8"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(90)90134-K"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Reitan K. (1975). Biomechanical principles and reactions. In: Current orthodontic concepts and techniques. Graber TM, Swain BF, editors. Philadelphia: Saunders , pp. 111-229."},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345810600021501"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Rodan GA, Raisz LG (1990). Cellular basis for bone turnover. In: Metabolic bone diseases and clinically related disorders. 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