{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T12:15:33Z","timestamp":1777810533119,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]],"date-time":"1997-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":873072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy in children have yet to be completely catalogued. In the present study, the effect of high-dose GH treatment on craniofacial growth was evaluated once yearly in 21 pre-pubertal, non-GH-deficient children born small for gestational age. These children were randomly allocated to be either untreated or treated with GH at a daily subcutaneous dose of 0.2 or 0.3 IU\/kg for 2 yrs. The group consisted of 12 girls and 9 boys with a mean age of 5.1 yr (range, 2 to 8 yr), bone age of 3.4 yr, and height SDS of -3.6. At the start of the study, all children showed an overall delay of craniofacial growth. This cohort of short children born small for gestational age showed a small SNB angle and a large ANB angle; all other angular measurements were within normal range. GH treatment accelerated growth in several craniofacial components, especially the posterior total facial height, the cranial base length, and the overall mandibular length. The increase of the mandibular length increased the SNB angle; no other angular measurements were affected. Age at start of treatment differently influenced the increase in posterior and total cranial base length, the increase in mandibular corpus length, and the position of the mandible in relation to the cranial base. Although GH treatment for 2 yrs led to a craniofacial growth acceleration, the position of the mandible in relation to the cranial base and the craniofacial size in lateral aspect were not normalized in the majority of the GH-treated children. No signs of disproportional growth were evidenced after 2 yrs of high-dose GH treatment. In conclusion, short pre-pubertal SGA children display an overall delay of linear craniofacial growth and a retrognathic mandible. High-dose GH treatment over 2 yrs leads to craniofacial catch-up growth, which is pronounced in regions where interstitial cartilage is involved and results in a less convex face in profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345970760091001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"1579-1586","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Craniofacial Growth in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Van Erum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital St. Rafael, Capucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mulier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital St. Rafael, Capucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Carels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital St. Rafael, Capucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Verbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistical Centre for Clinical Trials, University of Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"De Zegher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1989.tb17166.x"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014467900003371"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Bjork A, Helm S (1967). Prediction of the age of maximum pubertal growth in body height. Angle Orthod 37:134-143. Broadbent BH Sr, Broadbent BH Jr, Golden WH (1975). Bolton standards of dentofacial developmental growth. St. Louis, MO: The C.V. Mosby Company."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buschang PH, Baume RM, Nass GG (1983). A craniofacial growth maturity gradient for males and females between 4 and 16 years of age. Am J Phys Anthropol 61:373-381. Chatelain P, Job JC, Blanchard J, Ducret JP, Oliver M, Sagnard L, et al. (1994). Dose-dependent catch-up growth after 2 years of growth hormone treatment in intrauterine growth-retarded children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1454-1460.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.78.6.8200949"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000243267"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"1887","volume":"81","author":"de Zegher F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Zegher F, Albertsson-Wikland K, Wilton P, Chatelain P, Jonsson B, Lofstrom A, et al. (1996b). Growth hormone treatment of short children born small for gestational age: metanalysis of four randomized, controlled, multicentre studies. Acta Paediatr Scand 417(Suppl):27-31. Fitzhardinge PM, Inwood S (1989). Long-term growth in small-for-date children. Acta Paediatr Scand 349 (Suppl):27-33.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14289.x"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(74)80002-8"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"1548","volume":"80","author":"Giudice LC","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grunt JA, Enriquez AR, Daughaday WH (1972). Acute and long-term responses to hGH in children with idiopathic small-for-dates dwarfism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 35:157-168. Heinrich UE (1992). Intrauterine growth retardation and familial short stature. Bailli\u00e8re's Clin Endocrinol Metab 6:589-601.","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-35-1-157"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199508000-00022"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaksson OG, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Isgaard J (1987). Mechanism of the stimulatory effect of growth hormone on longitudinal bone growth. Endocr Rev 8:426-438. Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K (1995). Growth in full-term small-for-gestational-age infants: from birth to final height. Pediatr Res 38:733-739.","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199511000-00017"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanes R, Plotnick LP, Lee PA (1979). Sustained effect of human growth hormone therapy on children with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatrics 63:731-735. Lassarre C, Hardouin S, Daffos F, Forestier F, Frankenne F, Binoux M (1991). Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the human fetus: relationships with growth in normal subjects and in subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. 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