{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T12:16:08Z","timestamp":1777810568235,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]],"date-time":"1998-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":907200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During orthodontic tooth movement, mechanical forces acting on periodontal ligament (PDL) cells induce the synthesis of mediators which alter the growth, differentiation, and secretory functions of cells of the PDL. Since the cells of the PDL represent a heterogeneous population, we examined mechanically stress-induced cytokine profiles in three separate clones of human osteoblast-like PDL cells. Of the four pro-inflammatory cytokines investigated, only IL-6 and TGF-\u03b21 were up-regulated in response to mechanical stress. However, the expression of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1\u03b2, TNF-a, or IL-8 was not observed. To understand the consequences of the increase in TGF-\u03b21 expression following mechanical stress, we examined the effect of TGF-\u03b21 on PDL cell phenotype and functions. TGF-\u03b21 was mitogenic to PDL cells at concentrations between 0.4 and 10 ng\/mL. Furthermore, TGF-\u03b21 down-regulated the osteoblast-like phenotype of PDL cells, i.e., alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium phosphate nodule formation, expression of osteocalcin, and TGF-\u03b21, in a dose-dependent manner. Although initially TGF-\u03b21 induced expression of type I collagen mRNA, prolonged exposure to TGF-\u03b21 down-regulated the ability of PDL cells to express type I collagen mRNA. Our results further show that, within 4 hrs, exogenously applied TGF-\u03b21 down-regulated IL-6 expression in a dose-dependent manner, and this inhibition was sustained over a six-day period. In summary, the data suggest that mechanically stress-induced TGF-pl expression may be a physiological mechanism to induce mitogenesis in PDL cells while down-regulating its osteoblast-like features and simultaneously reducing the IL-6-induced bone resorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345980770100501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"1779-1790","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Autoregulation of Periodontal Ligament Cell Phenotype and Functions by Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"T.A.","family":"Brady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.P.","family":"Piesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, 589 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace 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