{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T12:16:45Z","timestamp":1777810605179,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]],"date-time":"1998-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":909878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To identify salivary biomarkers of periodontal diseases, we used plaque-resistant and -susceptible rats as animal models. The levels of salivary cystatin S in saliva, salivary glands, and gingiva were tested in Nembutal-anesthetized young and adult plaque-resistant and -susceptible rats of both sexes with and without chronic treatment with isoproterenol. Isoproterenol was injected i.p. once a day for 4 or 6 consecutive days. Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis by the PhastSystem and the Western blotting method were used to separate different proteins and to identify a salivary cystatin S band in these samples. The expression of salivary cystatin S mRNA was also determined by the Northern blotting method. Depending upon the types of agonists, a few differences were observed in secretory functions between both strains of rats in both sexes, but the levels of salivary cystatin S in saliva elicited from the submandibular gland and in the extracts of the submandibular glands and gingiva were significantly higher in plaque-resistant rats when compared with those of plaque-susceptible rats in both sexes. However, no significant difference was seen between the strains after chronic treatment with isoproterenol. The N-terminal 26-amino-acid sequence of salivary cystatin S purified from submandibular saliva of plaque-resistant rats was identical with that purified from submandibular saliva of Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to chronic treatment with isoproterenol. The expression of salivary cystatin S mRNA was dramatic in the submandibular glands of the plaque-resistant rats and in the submandibular glands of Wistar rats subjected to chronic treatment with isoproterenol, but not in those of plaque-susceptible rats. These results suggest that salivary cystatin S might be a good biomarker in distinguishing between the two strains of rats and that its concentration is correlated with plaque resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345980770110801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"1913-1919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Abnormally High Levels of Cystatin S in Submandibular Glands, Saliva, and Gingiva of Plaque-resistant Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Abe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Okina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Ohmori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Ishibashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Nishiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Letic-Gavrilovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"241","volume":"88","author":"Abe K.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(78)90094-8"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345800590062001"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"347","volume":"80","author":"Abe K.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(79)90130-4"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345800590101201"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345830620060601"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(92)90018-4"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1978.49.2.60"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1979.50.8.416"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)90122-8"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(92)90645-6"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(65)90029-4"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374940080022901"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1993.tb01049.x"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730100501"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00464.x"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.1150060302"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1980.51.6.348"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15321818308057011"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.48.2.520-527.1985"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1986.57.4.225"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.51.1095"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(93)90158-I"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms1939.49.949"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"425","volume":"54","author":"Ito N.","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.4.201"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1981.52.4.190"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670031601"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1980.51.7.400"},{"key":"atypb32","first-page":"467","volume":"28","author":"Matsuo K.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmacometrics"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"356","volume":"11","author":"Menaker LM","year":"1974","journal-title":"AL J Med Sci"},{"key":"atypb34","first-page":"861","volume":"102","author":"Naito Y.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"265","volume":"20","author":"Nakamura T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Fukuoka Dent Soc"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4838(91)90550-J"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2330\/joralbiosci1965.36.20"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1981.52.12.758"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1984.tb01192.x"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345930720051101"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)81334-0"},{"key":"atypb42","first-page":"35","volume":"16","author":"Shinohara M.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Osaka Dent Univ"},{"key":"atypb43","first-page":"4","volume":"24","author":"Shinohara M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rat News Letter"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.64.61"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1985.tb00440.x"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690011001"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.9.4350"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5834\/jdh.39.723"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001770409"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-126-32603"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345980770110801","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345980770110801","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:00:26Z","timestamp":1777496426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00220345980770110801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00220345980770110801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345980770110801","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0345","1544-0591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0345","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]}}}