{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:29:32Z","timestamp":1789993772115,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Habitual xylitol gum-chewing may have a long-term preventive effect by reducing the caries risk for several years after the habitual chewing has ended. The goal of this report was (1) to determine if sorbitol and sorbitol\/xylitol mixtures provide a long-term benefit, and (2) to determine which teeth benefit most from two-year habitual gum-chewing-those erupting before, during, or after habitual gum-chewing. Children, on average 6 years old, chewed gums sweetened with xylitol, sorbitol, or xylitol\/sorbitol mixtures. There was a \"no-gum\" control group. Five years after the two-year program of habitual gum-chewing ended, 288 children were re-examined. Compared with the no-gum group, sorbitol gums had no significant long-term effect (relative risk [RR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [c.i.], 0.39 to 1.07; p &lt; 0.18). Xylitol gum and, to a lesser extent, xylitol\/sorbitol gum had a long-term preventive effect. During the 5 years after habitual gum-chewing ended, xylitol gums reduced the caries risk 59% (RR, 0.41; 95% c.i., 0.23 to 0.75; p &lt; 0.0034). Xylitol-sorbitol gums reduced the caries risk 44% (RR, 0.56; 95% c.i., 0.36 to 0.89; p &lt; 0.02). The long-term caries risk reduction associated with xylitol strongly depended on when teeth erupted (p &lt; 0.02). Teeth that erupted after 1 year of gum-chewing or after the two-year habitual gum use ended had long-term caries risk reductions of 93% (p &lt; 0.0054) and 88% (p &lt; 0.0004), respectively. Teeth that erupted before the gum-chewing started had no significant long-term prevention (p &lt; 0.30). We concluded that for long-term caries-preventive effects to be maximized, habitual xylitol gum-chewing should be started at least one year before permanent teeth erupt.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345990780031301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"797-803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The Optimum Time to Initiate Habitual Xylitol Gum-chewing for Obtaining Long-term Caries Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"P.P.","family":"Hujoel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, School of Dentistry Box 357475. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA, Department of Epidemiology, School of Dentistry Box 357475. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.K.","family":"M\u00e4kinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Preventive Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize City Hospital, Belize City, Belize"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.P.","family":"Isotupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.J.","family":"Isokangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ylivieska Health Center, Ylivieska, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belize City Hospital, Belize City, Belize"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.-L.","family":"Makinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Preventive Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00454.x"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"1881","volume":"128","author":"Beighton D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730021401"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8177(88)72017-6"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1989.tb00611.x"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000261587"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/41.2.423"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.4.782"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345950740121501"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000262352"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"22","volume":"46","author":"Makinen KK","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(77)90125-X"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345960750111201"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531248"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345990780031301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00220345990780031301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:01:11Z","timestamp":1777496471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00220345990780031301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00220345990780031301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345990780031301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0345","1544-0591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0345","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}}}