{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:15:41Z","timestamp":1789978541172,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Health Soc Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although both low socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking increase health problems and mortality, their possible combined or interactive influence is less clear. On one hand, the health of low status groups may be harmed least by unhealthy behavior such as smoking because, given the substantial health risks produced by limited resources, they have less to lose from damaging lifestyles. On the other hand, the health of low status groups may be harmed most by smoking because lifestyle choices exacerbate the health problems created by deprived material conditions. Alternatively, the harm of low status and smoking may accumulate additively rather than multiplicatively. We test these arguments with data from the 1990 U.S. National Health Interview Survey, and with measures of morbidity and mortality. For ascribed statuses such as gender, race, and ethnicity, and for the outcome measure of mortality, the results favor the additive argument, whereas for achieved status and morbidity, the results support the vulnerability hypothesis\u2014that smoking inflicts greater harm among disadvantaged groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650404500305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,5]],"date-time":"2010-01-05T17:59:50Z","timestamp":1262714390000},"page":"306-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Socioeconomic Status, Smoking, and Health: A Test of Competing Theories of Cumulative Advantage"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Fred C.","family":"Pampel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred C. Pampel is Professor of Sociology and Research Associate of the Population Program at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His research focuses on the comparative study of fertility, mortality, and health behavior across high income nations. He recently published The Institutional Context of Population Change: Patterns of Fertility and Mortality across High-Income Nations (2001, University of Chicago Press), and he is now studying variation across nations and over time in sex, age, and..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard G. Rogers is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Population Program at the University of Colorado, Boulder. His research investigates the sociodemographic, economic, and behavioral causes of physical health and overall length of life. Along with Robert Hummer and Charles Nam, Rogers published Living and Dying in the USA: Behavioral, Health, and Social Differentials of Adult Mortality (2000, Academic Press), which recently won the Otis Dudley Duncan Book Award from the Population Section of..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adda J\u00e9rome, Val\u00e9rie Lechene 2001. \u201cSmoking and Endogenous Mortality: Does Heterogeneity in Life Expectancy Explain Differences in Smoking Behavior?\u201d University College London, Unpublished Paper","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.285273"},{"key":"bibr2-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.49.1.15"},{"key":"bibr3-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984195"},{"key":"bibr4-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00455-4"},{"key":"bibr5-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203393000"},{"key":"bibr6-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7223.1469"},{"key":"bibr7-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985611"},{"key":"bibr8-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4991.1988.tb00564.x"},{"key":"bibr9-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00118-6"},{"key":"bibr10-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.21.2.13"},{"key":"bibr11-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(93)90366-C"},{"key":"bibr12-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00360-8"},{"key":"bibr13-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3644718"},{"key":"bibr14-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.2.231"},{"key":"bibr15-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0047279400025411"},{"key":"bibr16-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3004009"},{"key":"bibr17-002214650404500305","unstructured":"Horm John 1996. \u201cLinkage of the National Health Interview Survey with the National Death Index: Methodologic and Analytic Issues.\u201d Presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, April 1996, New Orleans, LA"},{"key":"bibr18-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep10932690"},{"key":"bibr19-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00041-0"},{"key":"bibr20-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00319-1"},{"key":"bibr21-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.266"},{"key":"bibr22-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203400098"},{"key":"bibr23-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984577"},{"key":"bibr24-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Link Bruce G., Phelan Jo C. 1995. \u201cSocial Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease.\u201d Journal of Health and Social Behavior (extra issue): 80 94","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958"},{"key":"bibr25-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00071-4"},{"key":"bibr26-002214650404500305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676376"},{"key":"bibr27-002214650404500305","volume-title":"The Socioeconomic Approach to Status Measurement.","author":"Nam Charles B.","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr28-002214650404500305","volume-title":"\u201cNational Health Interview Survey, 1990: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (HPDP) Sample Person Supplement.\u201d","author":"National Center for Health Statistics.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr29-002214650404500305","volume-title":"\u201cNational Health Interview Survey: Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data File: 1986\u20131997 Survey Years.\u201d","author":"National Center for Health Statistics.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr30-002214650404500305","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. 2002.\n\u201cStudy Offers New Insights Into Overcoming Disparities in Health.\u201d\nNIH Press Release. 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