{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:56:16Z","timestamp":1781139376973,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Health Soc Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We characterize the way human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stigma hinders HIV conversations and testing. Using grounded theory principles, we analyzed in-depth interviews of the experiences of select Philippine key populations (groups with high HIV burden) and their families: 19 men who have sex with men (KPM), 16 transgender women (KPW), and 16 parents of KPM\/W. Results show how KPM\/W protect the state of being respected by others (management of social standing), a task they engage in by strategically modulating behavior in different life domains, including when considering HIV conversations and testing. Our results specify the management of social standing as an object being threatened by stigma and as a process making KPM\/W behavior susceptible to the influence of HIV stigma, even for KPM\/W who may not possess the mark of positive serostatus. This raises questions about the theorizing of stigma, which traditionally has focused on the susceptibility of marked but not unmarked individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465251388639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:41:32Z","timestamp":1763638892000},"page":"135-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Management of Social Standing: Characterizing the Influence of HIV Stigma on HIV Talk and Testing Behavior in Philippine Key Populations Using a Grounded Theory Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0971-2712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gideon Livingstone P.","family":"Bendicion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8407-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augil Marie Q.","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines Visayas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1092-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moniq","family":"Muyargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines Visayas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Timoteo","family":"Balensoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines Visayas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bea Izabeaux T.","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines Visayas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiara Angela A.","family":"Sarmiento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cebu Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ML Demaisip","family":"Farinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Philippines Visayas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9335-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aron Harold G.","family":"Pamoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of San Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8876-0132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelique Pearl Virtue P.","family":"Villasanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ateneo de Manila University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Just Lynn D.","family":"Panaligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of San Carlos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Eleut G.","family":"Violago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ateneo de Manila University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2818-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Fontilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233368"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120701335204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121003720994"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(06)39001-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018814"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4148-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0437-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2010.525665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02567-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/aap0000178"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203793206"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity","author":"Goffman Erving","year":"1963","unstructured":"Goffman Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420913443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-011-9275-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000015621149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9608-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024252926930"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18640"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000019872790"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18637"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2020.1764551"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/271053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.179648"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00304-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01634371003715841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1440783311407692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2005.00452.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","unstructured":"\u201cRepublic Act 8504: The Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of 1998.\u201d n.d. AIDS Data Hub. https:\/\/www.aidsdatahub.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/ra-8504-philippines-aids-prevention-and-control-act-1998-10th-congress.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","unstructured":"Republic of the Philippines Department of Health. 2021a. \u201c2018 Integrated HIV Behavioral and Serologic Surveillance (IHBSS).\u201d https:\/\/doh.gov.ph\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2018IHBSSTechnicalReport_FINAL_01062021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","unstructured":"Republic of the Philippines Department of Health. 2021b. \u201cA Briefer on the Philippine HIV Estimates 2020.\u201d doh.gov.ph\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ABrieferonthePHEstimates2020_08232021.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2016-011453"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2004.04024.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02506869"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009508406855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120801926977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000015627197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1246-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS). 2021. \u201cConfronting Inequalities: Lessons for Pandemic Responses from 40 Years of AIDS.\u201d https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2021-global-aids-update_en.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/2474-8684.1.1.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2020. \u201cConsolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services 2019.\u201d https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/336323."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.0198"}],"container-title":["Journal of Health and Social Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00221465251388639","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00221465251388639","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00221465251388639","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:40:34Z","timestamp":1777452034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00221465251388639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00221465251388639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221465251388639","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1465","2150-6000"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1465","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-6000","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]}}}