{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:57:50Z","timestamp":1792627070190,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]],"date-time":"1985-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":473385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Humanistic Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reports a factor-analytic study of 15 operating instructional values derived from 40 representative writers in Humanistic Education. The three factors that emerged were a general factor, the so-called \"Humanistic Paradigm,\" and two subsidiary group approaches, one supporting individual expression and the other an externally-oriented approach to social change. In the author's view, high interrater reliability, high (70% to 80%) degree of agreement of confluent students with the 40 experts, and significant differentiation between behaviorally-oriented counseling students and confluent students empirically validate the humanistic value orientation as a highly coherent set of operating principles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167885251008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,10]],"date-time":"2007-03-10T23:43:20Z","timestamp":1173570200000},"page":"94-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["An Empirical Analysis of Operating Values in Humanistic Education"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Stewart B.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1985,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Developing achievement motivation in adolescents: Education for human growth","author":"Alschuler, A.","year":"1973"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/002216788102100201","volume":"21","author":"Bebout, J.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Reach, touch and teach","author":"Borton, T.","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Human teaching for human learning: An introduction to confluent education","author":"Brown, G. I.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028007"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Left-handed teaching: Lessons in affective education","author":"Castillo, G.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Humanistic teacher education: An experiment in systematic curriculum innovation","author":"Combs, A.","year":"1974"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Humanizing schools","author":"Heath, D. C.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"SAS User's Guide","author":"Helwig, J. T.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Hillman, A. (1973). Concepts and elements of confluent education.\n                      DRICE Monograph No. 3., Development and Research in Confluent Education.\n                      New York: Ford Foundation."},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Hurley, J. K. (1980).\n                      The use of role theory in the conceptualization and application of confluent education to a middle-level management education programme.\n                      Unpublished master's thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara."},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Reaching out","author":"Johnson, D. W.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002216788002000302"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Education and ecstasy","author":"Leonard, G. B.","year":"1968"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Humanizing the classroom","author":"Miller, J. P.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Affective education in Philadelphia","author":"Newberg, N. A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002216788102100213"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Values and teaching","author":"Raths, L. E.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Freedom to learn","author":"Rogers, C. R.","year":"1969"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"The live classroom","author":"Shapiro, S. B.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022167883232009"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Personal orientation inventory","author":"Shostrom, E. L.","year":"1963"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Humanistic education","author":"Simpson, E. L.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Weinstein, G. (1975).\n                      Humanistic education: What it is and what it isn't.\n                      Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts."},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Toward humanistic education: A curriculum of affect","author":"Weinstein, G.","year":"1970"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Thinking with concepts","author":"Wilson, J.","year":"1963"}],"container-title":["Journal of Humanistic Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022167885251008","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022167885251008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:38:08Z","timestamp":1777502288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022167885251008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022167885251008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022167885251008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1678","1552-650X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1678","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-650X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1985,1]]}}}