{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:52:22Z","timestamp":1790621542034,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated eye movement and comprehension therapy in Grade 6 children with reading disabilities (RD). Both order of therapy and type of therapy were examined. Furthermore, the implications of visual attention in ameliorating reading disability are discussed. Thirty-one students with RD were identified using standardized reading comprehension tests. Eye movements were analyzed objectively using an infra-red recording device. Reading scores of participating children were 0.5 to 1 SD below the national mean. Testing took place before the start of therapy (T1) and was repeated after 12 weeks (T2) and 24 weeks (T3) of therapy. One group of students had eye movement therapy first, followed by comprehension therapy; in the other group, the order was reversed. Data were evaluated using a repeated measures MANOVA and post hoc tests. At T1, mean reading grade was 2 years below grade level, and eye movement scores were at about Grade 2 level. Mean growth in reading comprehension for the total sample was 2.6 years (p &lt; .01) at T3; equally significant improvement was measured in eye movements (p &lt; .01). Learning rate in reading comprehension improved from 60% (T1) to 400% (T3). Although within-group differences were statistically significant, between-group differences were not significant for comprehension or eye movements. Order of therapy (comprehension first or eye movements first) was not significant. Improvements in within-group scores for comprehension and eye movements were consistently significant at T2 and T3. Eye movement therapy improved eye movements and also resulted in significant gains in reading comprehension. Comprehension therapy likewise produced improvement both in eye movement efficiency and in reading comprehension. The results support the notion of a cognitive link among visual attention, oculomotor readiness, and reading comprehension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,14]],"date-time":"2007-12-14T00:52:20Z","timestamp":1197593540000},"page":"107-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Role of Visual Attention in Cognitive Control of Oculomotor Readiness in Students with Reading Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Harold A.","family":"Solan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State College of Optometry, State University of New York,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State College of Optometry, State University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Shelley-Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Ficarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Optometry and Binocular Vision Service at the College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New School University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Biscaldi, M. & Fischer, B. (1994). Saccadic eye movements of dyslexics in noncognitive tasks. In J. Ygge & G. Lennenstrand (Eds.), Eye movements in reading (pp. 245-257). New York: Pergamon Press."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199804000-00025"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"137","volume":"3","author":"Brannan, J.R.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.1.52"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-89949-1.50008-0"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Chase, C.H. (1996). A visual deficit model of developmental dyslexia . In C. H. Chase, G. D. Rosen, & G. F. Sherman (Eds.), Developmental dyslexia (pp. 127-156). Baltimore: York Press."},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"Ciuffreda, K.J. & Tannen, B. (1995). Eye movement basics for the clinician. (pp. 36-71). St. Louis, MO: Mosby."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00190-4"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.24.13363"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-17-06939.1998"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90209-7"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949502800503"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/382066a0"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"31","volume":"8","author":"Eden, G.F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal NIH Research"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felleman, D.J. & Van Essen, D.C. (1991). Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex , 1, 1-47.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.1"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"Fischer, B. & Boch, R. (1991). Cerebral cortex. In R. H. S. Carpenter (Ed.), Eye movements, vision, and visual dysfunction, 8 (pp. 277-296). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press."},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p190805"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Galaburda, A.M. (1988). Pathogenesis of childhood dyslexia. In F. Plum (Ed.), Language, communications, and the brain (pp. 127-137). New York: Raven Press."},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"44","volume":"57","author":"Grisham, J.D.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross, C.G. (1992). Visual function of inferotemporal cortex. In R. Jung (Ed.), Handbook of sensory physiology (Vol. 7, pp. 451-482). Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65495-4_11"},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"Halperin, J.M. (1996). Conceptualizing, describing, and measuring components of attention. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 119-136). Baltimore: Brookes."},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2852-3_15"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206794"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00279-U"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304083281402"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.18.7943"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643298608252677"},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"Gates-MacGinitie reading tests, Level 5\/6, Forms K and L","author":"MacGinitie, W.","year":"1989","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p160215"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p170203"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McConkie, G.W., Reddix, M.D. & Zola, D. (1992). Perception and cognition in reading: Where is the meeting point? In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye movements and cognition (pp. 293-303). New York: Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2852-3_17"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishkin, M. (1972). Cortical visual areas and their interconnections . In A. G. Karczmar & J. C. Eccles (Eds.), Brains and human behavior (pp. 185-208). Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-95201-2_13"},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"Morris, R.D. (1996). Relationships and distractions among concepts of attention, memory, and executive function: A developmental perspective . In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp. 13-16). Baltimore: Brookes."},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"Motter, B.C. (1991). Beyond extrastriate cortex: The parietal visual system. In A. G. Leventhal (Ed.), The neural basis of visual function: Vision and visual function (Vol 4, pp. 371-381). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press."},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-907X(05)80003-0"},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"Sergeant, J. (1996). A theory of attention: An information processing perspective. In G. R. Lyon & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Attention, memory, and executive function (pp.57-69). Baltimore: Brookes."},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapley, R. (1992). Parallel retinocortical channel: X and Y and M . In J. R. Brannan (Ed.), Applications of parallel processing in vision (pp. 3-36). Amsterdam : Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)61348-5"},{"key":"atypb39","first-page":"578","volume":"58","author":"Simons, H.D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb40","first-page":"503","volume":"68","author":"Solan, H.A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"628","volume":"61","author":"Solan, H.A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb42","first-page":"455","volume":"69","author":"Solan, H.A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3"},{"key":"atypb44","first-page":"4","volume":"27","author":"Steinman, B.A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Optometric Vision Development"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199809000-00023"},{"key":"atypb46","volume-title":"Dyslexia: Theory and research","author":"Vellutino, F.R.","year":"1979"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221940103400202","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/002221940103400202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:33:20Z","timestamp":1777617200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/002221940103400202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/002221940103400202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002221940103400202","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}}}