{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:04:29Z","timestamp":1777892669405,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we explore the relationship between rapid automatized naming (RAN) and other cognitive processes among below-average, average, and above-average readers and spellers. Nonsense word reading, phonological awareness, RAN, automaticity of balance, speech perception, and verbal short-term and working memory were measured. Factor analysis revealed a 3-component structure. The first component included phonological processing tasks, RAN, and motor balance. The second component included verbal short-term and working memory tasks. Speech perception loaded strongly as a third component, associated negatively with RAN. The phonological processing tests correlated most strongly with reading ability and uniquely discriminated average from below- and above-average readers in terms of word reading, reading comprehension, and spelling. On word reading, comprehension, and spelling, RAN discriminated only the below-average group from the average performers. Verbal memory, as assessed by word list recall, additionally discriminated the below-average group from the average group on spelling performance. Motor balance and speech perception did not discriminate average from above- or below-average performers. In regression analyses, phonological processing measures predicted word reading and comprehension, and both phonological processing and RAN predicted spelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194050380010201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,14]],"date-time":"2007-12-14T00:52:20Z","timestamp":1197593540000},"page":"12-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Relationships Among Rapid Digit Naming, Phonological Processing, Motor Automaticity, and Speech Perception in Poor, Average, and Good Readers and Spellers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Savage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education at McGill University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norah","family":"Frederickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roz","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Patni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Tuersley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Beginning to read","author":"Adams, M.J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Working memory. 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