{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:04:33Z","timestamp":1790233473481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this quasi-experimental study, which is part of a series of investigations on supplemental reading tutoring variations, the relative effectiveness of more intense decoding instruction or text reading practice was examined. Fifty-seven first-grade students scoring in the lowest quartile for reading skills received either classroom reading instruction or one of two treatments: tutoring in word study with text reading practice, or word study tutoring alone. Individual instruction was provided by trained paraprofessional tutors. At the end of first grade, treatment students significantly outperformed their nontutored peers on measures of reading accuracy, reading comprehension, reading efficiency, passage reading fluency, and spelling. Differential treatment effects on passage reading fluency are examined, taking into consideration pretest skill levels and text reading practice characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194050380041401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,14]],"date-time":"2007-12-14T00:52:20Z","timestamp":1197593540000},"page":"364-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Relative Effectiveness of Reading Practice or Word-Level Instruction in Supplemental Tutoring"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Patricia F.","family":"Vadasy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Research Institute,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Peyton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print","author":"Adams, M.J.","year":"1990"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb2","first-page":"3","volume":"16","author":"Allington, R.L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"ERS Spectrum"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Becoming a nation of readers: The report of the commission on","author":"Anderson, R.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read: Kindergarten through grade 3. Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement (CIERA) for the Partnership for","author":"Armbruster, B.B.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.35.4.3"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Process Assessment of the Learner (PAL): Guides for intervention","author":"Berninger, V.W.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Berninger, V.W., Abbott, R.D., Billingsley, F. & Nagy, W. (2001). Processes underlying timing and fluency of reading: Efficiency, automaticity, coordination, and morphological awareness. In M. Wolf (Ed.), Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain (pp. 383\u2014414). Timonium, MD: York Press."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1987.12085316"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1041-6080(91)90019-W"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"Blachman, B.A., Schatschneider, C., Fletcher, J.M. & Clonan, S.M. (2003). Early reading intervention: A classroom prevention study and a remediation study. In B. Foorman (Ed.), Preventing and remediating reading difficulties: Bringing science to scale (pp. 253\u2014271). Timonium, MD: York Press."},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008050403932"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"292","volume":"52","author":"Brown, K.J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Reading Teacher"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.403"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002246690003400103"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747699"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn, L.M.","year":"1997","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"153","volume":"14","author":"Ehri, L.C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reading and Writing Quarterly: Overcoming Learning Difficulties"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543071003393"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747897"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747753"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.79.1.3"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.4.605"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Elkonin, D.B. (1973). USSR. In J. Downing (Ed.), Comparative reading: Cross-national studies of behavior and processes in reading and writing (pp. 551\u2014579). New York : Macmillan."},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1994.1023"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210817"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747430"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.1.37"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"1,000 instant words","author":"Fry, E.B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.93.2.251"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0503_3"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1086\/461726","volume":"93","author":"Gaskins, I.W.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Elementary School Journal"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Gaskins, I.W., Rauch, S., Gensemer, E., Cunicelli, E., O'Hara, C., Six, L., et al. (1997). In K. Hogan & M. Pressley (Eds.), Scaffolding student learning: Instructional approaches and issues (pp. 43\u201473). Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books."},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills","author":"Good, R. H.","year":"2001","edition":"5"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0503_4"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1998.12085896"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312023002161"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/0872071774.15"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Early literacy instruction","author":"Hiebert, E.H.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb39","unstructured":"Hiebert, E.H., Brown, Z.A., Taitague, C., Fisher, C.W. & Adler, M.A. (2003). Texts and English language learners: Scaffolding entree to reading. In F. Boyd, C. Brock, & M. Rozendal (Eds.), Multicultural and multilingual literacy and language practices (pp. 27\u201458). New York: Guilford ."},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Invitations to literacy","author":"Houghton Mifflin.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.1.112"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Wide range achievement test\u2014Revised","author":"Jastak, S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0801_4"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/SLDRP1502_3"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"Book buddies: Guidelines for volunteer tutoring of emergent and early readers","author":"Johnston, F.R.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400004380"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.80.4.437"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747751"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1996.12085812"},{"key":"atypb50","volume-title":"Pegasus II","author":"Kendall Hunt.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.3"},{"key":"atypb52","volume-title":"Inequality at the starting gate: Social background differences in achievement as children begin school","author":"Lee, V.E.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1511307"},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"Primary phonics","author":"Makar, B.W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"Bob books","author":"Maslen, B.L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb56","volume-title":"Literature anthologies: The task for first-grade readers. (CIERA Report #1-109)","author":"Menon, S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb57","first-page":"130","volume":"53","author":"Mesmer, H.A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Reading Teacher"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19388070109558338"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10573560590523667"},{"key":"atypb60","volume-title":"Microsoft Office XP Professional: Excel XP","author":"Microsoft.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb61","volume-title":"Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction (Pub No. 00-4769)","author":"National Reading Panel.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb62","volume-title":"Preventing reading difficulties in young children","author":"National Research Council.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/SLDRP1501_5"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perfetti, C.A. (1992). The representation problem in reading acquisition . In P. Gough, L. Ehri, & R. Treiman (Eds.), Reading acquisition (pp. 145\u2014174). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351236904-6"},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"Help America read: A handbook for volunteers","author":"Pinnell, G.S.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.20.2.4"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947100400706"},{"key":"atypb68","first-page":"509","volume":"7","author":"Share, D.L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"atypb69","volume-title":"SPSS 10.0 for Windows and Smart Viewer","author":"Spss.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360010401"},{"key":"atypb71","unstructured":"Stahl, S.A. & Murray, B. (1998). Issues involved in defining phonological awareness and its relation to early reading. In J. L. Metsala & L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 65\u2014 88). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.276"},{"key":"atypb73","unstructured":"Torgesen, J.K. (1998). Instructional interventions for children with reading disabilities. In B. Shapiro, P. Accardo, & A. Capute (Eds.), Specific reading disability: A view of the spectrum (pp. 197\u2014220). Park-ton, MD: York Press."},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400104"},{"key":"atypb75","unstructured":"Torgesen, J.K., Rashotte, C.A. & Alexander, A.W. (2001). Principles of fluency instruction in reading: Relationships with established empirical outcomes . In M. Wolf (Ed.), Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain (pp. 333\u2014355).Timonium, MD: York Press."},{"key":"atypb76","unstructured":"Torgesen, J.K., Rashotte, C.A., Alexander, A., Alexander, J. & MacPhee, K. (2003). Progress toward understanding the instructional conditions necessary for remediating reading difficulties in older children . In B. Foorman (Ed.), Preventing and remediating reading difficulties: Bringing science to scale (pp. 275\u2014297). Timonium, MD: York Press."},{"key":"atypb77","volume-title":"Test of word reading efficiency (TOWRE)","author":"Torgesen, J.K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb78","first-page":"51","volume":"8","author":"Torgesen, J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"atypb79","first-page":"29","volume":"12","author":"Vadasy, P.F.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1511219"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300606"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5826.00048"},{"key":"atypb83","volume-title":"Sound Partners: A supplementary, one-to-one tutoring program in phonics-based early reading skills","author":"Vadasy, P.F.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.4.601"},{"key":"atypb85","volume-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processing (CTOPP)","author":"Wagner, R.K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb86","volume-title":"Gray oral reading test","author":"Wiederholt, J.L.","year":"1992","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415"},{"key":"atypb88","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery test\u2014Revised\/Normative update","author":"Woodcock, R.","year":"1987"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194050380041401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194050380041401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:35:20Z","timestamp":1777617320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00222194050380041401"}},"subtitle":["How Text Matters"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00222194050380041401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00222194050380041401","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]}}}