{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:56:54Z","timestamp":1793123814299,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The double-deficit hypothesis of developmental dyslexia proposes that deficits in phonological processing and naming speed represent independent sources of dysfunction in dyslexia. The present article is a review of the evidence for the double-deficit hypothesis, including a discussion of recent findings related to the hypothesis. Studies in this area have been characterized by variability in methodology\u2014 how dyslexia is defined and identified, and how dyslexia subtypes are classified. Such variability sets limitations on the extent to which conclusions may be drawn with respect to the double-deficit hypothesis. Furthermore, the literature is complicated by the persistent finding that measures of phonological processing and naming speed are significantly correlated, resulting in a statistical artifact that makes it difficult to disentangle the influence of naming speed from that of phonological processing. Longitudinal and intervention studies of the double-deficit hypothesis are needed to accumulate evidence that investigates a naming speed deficit that is independent of a phonological deficit for readers with dyslexia. The existing evidence does not support a persistent core deficit in naming speed for readers with dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194060390010401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,14]],"date-time":"2007-12-14T00:52:20Z","timestamp":1197593540000},"page":"25-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["The Double-Deficit Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Rose K.","family":"Vukovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology, University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1511190"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-997-0021-y"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.76.4.610"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(91)90032-N"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0604_04"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013868304361"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.198"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002246690103500304"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(72)80016-9"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-999-0018-9"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(74)80009-2"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"Denckla, M.B.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402701004"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383373"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500901"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940203500204"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Stanford diagnostic reading test","author":"Karlsen, B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.6.1005"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2497"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300406"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Lyon, G.R., Fletcher, J.M., Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A., Torgesen, J.K., Wood, F.B., et al. (2001). Rethinking learning disabilities. In C. E. Finn, A. J. Rotherham, and C. R. Hokanson (Eds.), Rethinking special education for a new century (pp. 259\u2014 287). Washington, DC: Fordham Foundation."},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300405"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0302_3"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00395112"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0938-8982.00023"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III technical manual","author":"McGrew, K.S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949803100201"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.3.347"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940203500206"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012239018038"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947100400706"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940203500306"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200803"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202501001"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200405"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanovich, K.E. & Siegel, L.S. (1998). The role of IQ in the diagnosis of reading disorders: The quest for a subtype based on aptitude\/achievement discrepancy. In J. Rispens, T. A. van Yperen, & W. Yule (Eds.), Perspectives on the classification of specific developmental disorders (pp. 105\u2014 136). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-2581-1_6"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0604_05"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0102_4"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.4.601"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300302"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Poster presented at the Scientific Studies of Reading Annual Conference","author":"Vukovic, R.K."},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processing","author":"Wagner, R.K.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.1.83"},{"key":"atypb47","volume-title":"The wide range achievement test","author":"Wilkinson, G.S.","year":"1993","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747978"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-999-0017-x"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130373"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300409"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300408"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013816320290"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson tests of achievement\u2014 Revised","author":"Woodcock, R.W.","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194060390010401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194060390010401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:35:31Z","timestamp":1777617331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00222194060390010401"}},"subtitle":["A Comprehensive Analysis of the Evidence"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00222194060390010401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00222194060390010401","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}}}