{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:50:55Z","timestamp":1790743855609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors examined second grade reading accuracy and fluency and their associations via letter knowledge to phonological and language predictors assessed at 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 years in children in the Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Longitudinal Study of Dyslexia. Structural equation modeling showed that a developmentally highly stable factor (early phonological and language processing [EPLP]) behind key dyslexia predictors (i.e., phonological awareness, short-term memory, rapid naming, vocabulary, and pseudoword repetition) could already be identified at 3.5 years. EPLP was significantly associated with reading and spelling accuracy and by age with letter knowledge. However, EPLP had only a minor link with reading fluency, which was additionally explained by early letter knowledge. The results show that reading accuracy is well predicted by early phonological and language skills. Variation in fluent reading skills is not well explained by early skills, suggesting factors other than phonological core skills. Future research is suggested to explore the factors behind the development of fast and accurate decoding skills.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219407311747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,8]],"date-time":"2008-04-08T21:09:51Z","timestamp":1207688991000},"page":"353-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Developmental Links of Very Early Phonological and Language Skills to Second Grade Reading Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Puolakanaho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Aro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Eklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paavo H. T.","family":"Lepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maija","family":"Poikkeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asko","family":"Tolvanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Torppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lyytinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1511190"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.1.43"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Aro, M. (2006). Learning to read: The effect of orthography. In R. M. Joshi & P. G. Aaron (Eds.), Handbook of orthography and literacy (pp. 531-550). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.3.429"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1998.2450"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.4.659"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00252.x"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.39.5.913"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2001\/004)"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400004501"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.198"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.2.394"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"137","volume":"2","author":"Cunningham, A.E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Direct Instruction"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540128"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.03.007"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.450"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.22"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.3.465"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.33.1.3"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963099005284"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1994.1032"},{"key":"atypb23","author":"Georgiou, G.K.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-002-0010-0"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2005\/029)"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400502"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0402_01"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"The Boston Naming Test","author":"Kaplan, E.","year":"1983","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.3.453"},{"key":"atypb30","volume-title":"NEPSY: A developmental neuropsychological assessment","author":"Korkman, M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.3"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011117620895"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942dn2201_4"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.5.596"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2002_5"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-004-0010-3"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/enf.563.0289"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2006.0031"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2525"},{"key":"atypb40","unstructured":"Metsala, J.L. & Walley, A.C. (1998). Spoken vocabulary growth and the segmental restructuring of lexical representations: Precursors to phonemic awareness and early reading ability. In J. L. Metsala & L. C. Ehri (Eds.), Word recognition in beginning literacy (pp. 89-120). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.5.665"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Appendix 5: Model tests of fit and model modification","author":"Muth\u00e9n, B.O.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.06.004"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2004.00238.x"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0801_2"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00317"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360050301"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.205"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.09.005"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130834"},{"key":"atypb51","unstructured":"Scarborough, H.S. (1998). Early identification of children at risk for reading disabilities: Phonological awareness and some other promising predictors. In B. K. Shapiro, P. J. Accardo, & A. J. Capute (Eds.), Specific reading disability-A view of the spectrum (pp. 75-119). Timonium, MD: York."},{"key":"atypb52","unstructured":"Scarborough, H.S. (2001). Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence, theory, and practice. In S. Neuman & D. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook for research in early literacy (pp. 97-110). New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb53","unstructured":"Scarborough, H.S. (2005). Developmental relationships between language and reading: Reconciling a beautiful hypothesis with some ugly facts. In H. W. Catts & A. G. Kamhi (Eds.), The connections between language and reading disabilities (pp. 3-24). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum."},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757642.ch16"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603321661859"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.01.001"},{"key":"atypb57","volume-title":"Dyslexia","author":"Snowling, M.","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402003"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430701746864"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.6.934"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1997.2375"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4126971"},{"key":"atypb63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543073004407"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.308","volume":"11","author":"Szenkovits, G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dyslexia: An International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"atypb65","unstructured":"Torgesen, J., Rashotte, C. & Alexander, A.W. (2001). Principles of fluency instruction in reading: Relationships with established empirical outcomes. In M. Wolf (Ed.), Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain (pp. 333-355). Timonium, MD: York."},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.6.1128"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757642.ch4"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.1.83"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.1.73"},{"key":"atypb70","volume-title":"Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb71","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1991","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb72","unstructured":"Whitehurst, G.J. & Lonigan, C.J. (2001). Emergent literacy: Development from prereaders to readers. In S. B. Neuman & D. K. Dickinson (Eds.), Handbook of early literacy research (pp. 11-29). New York: Guilford."},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.272"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.4.668"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300409"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219407311747","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219407311747","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:36:06Z","timestamp":1777617366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219407311747"}},"subtitle":["Strong to Accuracy but Only Minor to Fluency"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219407311747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219407311747","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]}}}