{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:32:17Z","timestamp":1790703137459,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigates the performance of persons with reading disabilities (PRD) on a variety of sequential visual-comparison tasks that have different working-memory requirements. In addition, mediating relationships between the sequential comparison process and attention and memory skills were looked for. Our findings suggest that PRD perform worse than normally achieving readers (NAR) when the task requires more than a minimal amount of working memory, unrelated to presentation rate. We also demonstrate high correlations between performance on the task with the most working-memory demands and reading-related skills, suggesting that poor working-memory abilities may be one of the underlying mechanisms of dyslexia. The mediating model analysis indicates that order judgment tasks are mediating to verbal working memory, suggesting that visual sequence memory precedes auditory sequence memory. We further suggest that visual tasks involving sequential comparisons could probe for poor working memory in PRD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408321141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,3]],"date-time":"2008-09-03T14:24:04Z","timestamp":1220451844000},"page":"437-450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Poor Performance on Serial Visual Tasks in Persons With Reading Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Ronit","family":"Ram-Tsur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari Z.","family":"Zivotofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf231"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.368"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200504000-00008"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Working memory","author":"Baddeley, A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081282"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.12.001"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1381"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200106"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00199-9"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(03)00023-7"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Rapid automatized naming","author":"Breznitz, Z.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(02)00513-8"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"The d2 test of attention","author":"Brickenkamp, R.,","year":"1998","edition":"1"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"1","volume":"11","author":"Coalson, D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Focus"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5237.802"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/86.3.403"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00410.x"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940303600301"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.20.1.116"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22960.x"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.17.8010"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/12.4.325"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2387-6"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073428290202000202"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12393-4"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01801-5"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1373"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00547-9"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.234"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22991.x"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00480"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200103050-00016"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.273"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(96)00026-7"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi039"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-13-05026.1998"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00208-4"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00310-9"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.1.4.394"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1912375"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3283936"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2556e"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1978.46.3c.1047"},{"key":"atypb46","volume-title":"Detection theory: A user's guide","author":"Macmillan, N.A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/073)"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh087"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.16.030193.002101"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1013"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70401-5"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4204.925"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130836"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01849.x","volume":"74","author":"Perin, D.","year":"1983","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-07-01863.1984"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002022"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1657"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.07.001"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360060501"},{"key":"atypb60","volume-title":"Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales","author":"Raven, J.,","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050592"},{"key":"atypb62","volume-title":"One-minute test for pseudowords. Unpublished test","author":"Shatil, E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb63","volume-title":"One-minute test for words. Unpublished test","author":"Shatil, E.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb64","volume-title":"Passage reading. Unpublished test","author":"Shatil, E.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"Phonological processing. Unpublished test","author":"Shatil, E.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb66","volume-title":"Spelling test. Unpublished test","author":"Shatil, E.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00170-4"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7065.1096"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199705260-00003"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22957.x"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/241468a0"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800006155"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.47.1.42"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.47.1.55"},{"key":"atypb77","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Administration and scoring manual","author":"Wechsler, D.","year":"1997","edition":"3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219408321141","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219408321141","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:36:20Z","timestamp":1777617380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219408321141"}},"subtitle":["Impaired Working Memory?"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219408321141"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219408321141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}