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Results indicated the presence of three profiles: impaired GIF and EF profile (30.8%), intact GIF and EF profile (58.8%), and high GIF\/intact EF profile (10.4%). Using a multinomial logistic regression, it was determined that individuals who reported being diagnosed with either a learning disability (LD) and\/or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were more likely to be in the impaired GIF and EF profile than other profiles. Results from a logistic regression indicated that the impaired GIF and EF profile was associated with a greater prevalence of past hepatitis B and\/or C infection. Implication for harm reduction and treatment programs and the need to take into account individuals with LD and ADHD are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409355481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,23]],"date-time":"2010-06-23T23:15:11Z","timestamp":1277334911000},"page":"139-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Patterns of Cognitive Impairments Among Heroin and Cocaine Users"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Stevan G.","family":"Severtson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburg, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarra L.","family":"Hedden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health\u2013Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia S.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health\u2013Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Latimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health\u2013Mental Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219409355481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400407"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219409355481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00406-X"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219409355481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.12.2285"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219409355481","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400410"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219409355481","volume-title":"Tower of London-Drexel (TOL-DX) technical manual","author":"Culbertson W. 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