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The interventions consisted of computerized training programs: One bottom-up intervention aimed at improving word decoding skills and phonological abilities, the second intervention focused on top-down processing on the word and sentence levels, and the third was a combination of these two training programs ( n = 25 in each group). In addition, there were two comparison groups, 25 children with reading disabilities who received ordinary special instruction and 30 age-matched typical readers. All reading disabled participants completed 25 training sessions with special education teachers. All groups improved their reading skills. The group who received combined training showed higher improvements than the ordinary special instruction group and the typical readers. Different cognitive variables were related to treatment gains for different groups. Thus, a treatment combining bottom-up and top-down aspects of reading was the most effective in general, but individual differences among children need to be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410391187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]],"date-time":"2011-03-07T13:50:07Z","timestamp":1299505807000},"page":"123-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Effects of Three Interventions on the Reading Skills of Children With Reading Disabilities in Grade 2"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"F\u00e4lth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V\u00e4xj\u00f6 University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idor","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V\u00e4xj\u00f6 University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Tjus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Heimann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University, Sweden and Swedish Institute for Disability"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0265659003ct242oa"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716406060279"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.2.170"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.36.3.2"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00577023"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.4.660"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Improvement in reading among children with reading disabilities: The effects of two training programs","author":"F\u00e4lth, L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"COMPHOT: Computerized phonological training","author":"Ferreira, J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Learning disabilities: From identification to intervention","author":"Fletcher, J.M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.292"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2005.08.003"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00379.x"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408326207"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.339"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713696666"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20186"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X39170"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131364"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01559.x"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Omega-Interactive sentences, a multimedia software for language exploration and play","author":"Heimann, M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02178294"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0031383880320402"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401799"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Manual till Ordkedjetestet [The Wordchains test; manual]","author":"Jacobson, C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"L\u00e4skedjor [Wordchains]","author":"Jacobson, C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.2.263"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Vilken bild \u00e4r r\u00e4tt? 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