{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:15:25Z","timestamp":1793016925985,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]],"date-time":"2011-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The co-occurrence of reading disorder (RD) and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has received increasing attention. This review summarizes the epidemiology, treatment strategies, psychosocial impact, and economic burden associated with the co-occurrence of these conditions. Common genetic and neuropsychological deficits may partially explain the high degree of overlap between RD and ADHD. Children who face the additive problems of both disorders are at greater risk for academic failure, psychosocial consequences, and poor long-term outcomes that persist into adulthood. However, few studies have evaluated interventions targeted to this patient population, underscoring the importance of identifying effective multimodal treatments that address the neuropsychological deficits of RD and ADHD through carefully planned clinical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411407772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,15]],"date-time":"2011-07-15T00:15:42Z","timestamp":1310688942000},"page":"538-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["The Co-occurrence of Reading Disorder and ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Chris C.","family":"Sexton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United BioSource Corporation, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather L.","family":"Gelhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United BioSource Corporation, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill A.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United BioSource Corporation, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Classi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400906"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738040190100401"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.4.1033"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219411407772","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219411407772","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-1828-9"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00919454"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948501801003"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00910563"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00400.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916547"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2008.09.003"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194050380010401"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01710.x"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e3181603f0e"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7245.1335"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1993.12085646"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00366.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012281226028"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219411407772","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219411407772","first-page":"278","volume":"19","author":"Coleman W. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219411407772","volume-title":"Questions about attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia","author":"Dakin K. E.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2009.0029"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9328-y"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198510000-00004"},{"key":"bibr26-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2007.05.001"},{"key":"bibr27-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1057356980140104"},{"key":"bibr28-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400206"},{"key":"bibr29-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198012000-00007"},{"key":"bibr30-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(83)90050-1"},{"key":"bibr31-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1416.022"},{"key":"bibr32-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn936"},{"key":"bibr33-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700644016"},{"key":"bibr34-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70161-9"},{"key":"bibr35-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-004-0015-y"},{"key":"bibr36-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400507"},{"key":"bibr37-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202500205"},{"key":"bibr38-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.2.289"},{"key":"bibr39-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022353731579"},{"key":"bibr40-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01447.x"},{"key":"bibr41-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.285"},{"key":"bibr42-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00569.x"},{"key":"bibr43-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770060003001"},{"key":"bibr44-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0364-7722(77)90046-7"},{"key":"bibr45-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000242241.77302.f4"},{"key":"bibr46-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.383"},{"key":"bibr47-0022219411407772","first-page":"46","volume":"31","author":"Grizenko N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr48-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/057)"},{"key":"bibr49-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2005.09.007"},{"key":"bibr50-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-002-0015-8"},{"key":"bibr51-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(86)90050-4"},{"key":"bibr52-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.6.893"},{"key":"bibr53-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000794"},{"key":"bibr54-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199009000-00001"},{"key":"bibr55-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200102000-00007"},{"key":"bibr56-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649909540746"},{"key":"bibr57-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708316261"},{"key":"bibr58-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00689.x"},{"key":"bibr59-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmn099"},{"key":"bibr60-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5359.37784"},{"key":"bibr61-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949602900301"},{"key":"bibr62-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2006.10.002"},{"key":"bibr63-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199909000-00020"},{"key":"bibr64-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.287"},{"key":"bibr65-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.399"},{"key":"bibr66-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2006.05.005"},{"key":"bibr67-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9"},{"key":"bibr68-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2007.00597.x"},{"key":"bibr69-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500205700"},{"key":"bibr70-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000228752.79990.41"},{"key":"bibr71-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01421.x"},{"key":"bibr72-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2005.07.004"},{"key":"bibr73-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00228"},{"key":"bibr74-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00221.x"},{"key":"bibr75-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-998-0003-8"},{"key":"bibr76-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288702600805"},{"key":"bibr77-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021018700609"},{"key":"bibr78-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mppsy.2008.02.004"},{"key":"bibr79-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1511092"},{"key":"bibr80-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929054021166"},{"key":"bibr81-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0909(199909)5:3<155::AID-DYS143>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"5","author":"Nicolson R. I.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dyslexia: An International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"bibr82-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054707306116"},{"issue":"237","key":"bibr83-0022219411407772","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Pastor P. N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vital and Health Statistics"},{"key":"bibr84-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708320401"},{"key":"bibr85-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01561.x"},{"key":"bibr86-0022219411407772","volume-title":"Diagnosing learning disorders: A neuropsychological framework","author":"Pennington B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr87-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.29.3.511"},{"key":"bibr88-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014549"},{"key":"bibr89-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-009-0023-z"},{"key":"bibr90-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.942"},{"key":"bibr91-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200004000-00018"},{"key":"bibr92-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JACP.0000026141.20174.17"},{"key":"bibr93-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1492(199710)10:7<309::AID-NBM484>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"bibr94-0022219411407772","volume-title":"Essential fatty acids in dyslexia: Theory, experimental evidence and clinical trials","author":"Richardson A. J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr95-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00254-8"},{"key":"bibr96-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.2000.0184"},{"key":"bibr97-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198801000-00012"},{"key":"bibr98-0022219411407772","first-page":"S1097","volume":"85","author":"Roongpraiwan R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand"},{"key":"bibr99-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00227"},{"key":"bibr100-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199205000-00009"},{"key":"bibr101-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.11.1990"},{"key":"bibr102-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-006-9037-8"},{"key":"bibr103-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949202501003"},{"key":"bibr104-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.1.70","volume":"93","author":"Shaywitz B. A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr105-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000631"},{"key":"bibr106-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540160061034"},{"key":"bibr107-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01441636"},{"key":"bibr108-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00043"},{"key":"bibr109-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20135"},{"key":"bibr110-0022219411407772","volume-title":"Preventing reading difficulties in young children","author":"Snow C.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr111-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400202"},{"key":"bibr112-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360060601"},{"key":"bibr113-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199604000-00008"},{"key":"bibr114-0022219411407772","first-page":"4248","volume":"10","author":"Stevens L. J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal"},{"key":"bibr115-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.4.761"},{"key":"bibr116-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92269-5"},{"key":"bibr117-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.1.323S"},{"key":"bibr118-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-3-40"},{"key":"bibr119-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440299306000209"},{"key":"bibr120-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X"},{"key":"bibr121-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(86)90049-8"},{"key":"bibr122-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10862969509547876"},{"key":"bibr123-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005192220001"},{"key":"bibr124-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2005.07.016"},{"key":"bibr125-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200207000-00014"},{"key":"bibr126-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054708323040"},{"key":"bibr127-0022219411407772","volume-title":"From ABC to ADHD: What parents should know about dyslexia and attention problems","author":"Tridas E. Q.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr128-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00857.x"},{"key":"bibr129-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"bibr130-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.09.009"},{"key":"bibr131-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194020350050501"},{"key":"bibr132-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300206"},{"key":"bibr133-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.06.009"},{"key":"bibr134-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-228X.2007.00019.x"},{"key":"bibr135-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10480-013"},{"key":"bibr136-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300206"},{"key":"bibr137-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00691"},{"key":"bibr138-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.1.157"},{"key":"bibr139-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2701_3"},{"key":"bibr140-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30310"},{"key":"bibr141-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10205"},{"key":"bibr142-0022219411407772","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198708000-00004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219411407772","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022219411407772","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219411407772","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:37:16Z","timestamp":1777617436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219411407772"}},"subtitle":["Epidemiology, Treatment, Psychosocial Impact, and Economic Burden"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219411407772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219411407772","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]}}}