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On the basis of reading achievement in Grade 1 spring, four subgroups were formed. These were fast, average, and slow reading acquisition and slow progress in both reading and math. Kindergarten spring scores in phonological awareness, letter knowledge, rapid naming, and number skills differentiated well among the groups, the latter two being more robust predictors. Task avoidance added to the prediction over and above cognitive skills. Its effect disappeared when parental history of reading and math difficulties was included in the equation. The present results depict poor response to instruction as a general learning problem rather than a specific reading difficulty. Poor response to instruction differs from dyslexia also in that treatment resisters start school with cognitive prerequisites that do not indicate severe reading and math problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411410290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]],"date-time":"2011-07-20T00:56:13Z","timestamp":1311123373000},"page":"459-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Task Avoidance, Number Skills and Parental Learning Difficulties as Predictors of Poor Response to Instruction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Pekka","family":"Niemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jari-Erik","family":"Nurmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna-Liisa","family":"Lyyra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marja-Kristiina","family":"Lerkkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Lepola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Poskiparta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna-Maija","family":"Poikkeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219411410290","volume-title":"Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print","author":"Adams M. 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