{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:37:55Z","timestamp":1791146275290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,4]],"date-time":"2011-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317686400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preschool children with language impairments (LI), a group with documented reading difficulties, also experience writing difficulties. In addition, a purpose was to examine if the writing outcomes differed when children had concomitant cognitive deficits in addition to oral language problems. A group of 293 preschool children were administered an assessment battery that included measures to examine oral language, nonverbal cognition, emergent reading, and writing. Children were divided into four groups based on their language and cognitive performance. The findings from this study show that as early as preschool, children with weaker oral language skills lag behind their peers with stronger oral language skills in terms of their writing-related skills. Children with oral language and cognitive deficits performed more poorly than children whose deficits were confined to oral language. A child\u2019s cognitive ability also has an impact on emergent writing skills, but it appears to be moderated by oral language skills. These results are consistent with research documenting links between preschool language and emergent reading in children with a history of LI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411423423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,5]],"date-time":"2011-10-05T00:22:42Z","timestamp":1317774162000},"page":"179-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Early Writing Deficits in Preschoolers With Oral Language Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Cynthia S.","family":"Puranik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Lonigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219411423423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019318"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219411423423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2002.2677"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219411423423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3603.580"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219411423423","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9924(80)90033-7"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219411423423","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Preschool prevention of reading failure","author":"Badian N.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219411423423","volume-title":"Our daughter learns to read and write","author":"Baghban M.","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219411423423","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Children\u2019s writing: Toward a process theory of development of skilled writing","author":"Berninger V. 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