{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T23:17:29Z","timestamp":1789082249364,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]],"date-time":"2011-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The authors tested the component model of reading (CMR) among 186,725 fourth grade students from 38 countries (45 regions) on five continents by analyzing the 2006 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study data using measures of ecological (country, family, school, teacher), psychological, and cognitive components. More than 91% of the differences in student difficulty occurred at the country (61%) and classroom (30%) levels (ecological), with less than 9% at the student level (cognitive and psychological). All three components were negatively associated with reading difficulties: cognitive (student\u2019s early literacy skills), ecological (family characteristics [socioeconomic status, number of books at home, and attitudes about reading], school characteristics [school climate and resources]), and psychological (students\u2019 attitudes about reading, reading self-concept, and being a girl). These results extend the CMR by demonstrating the importance of multiple levels of factors for reading deficits across diverse cultures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411431241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,9]],"date-time":"2012-08-09T12:57:25Z","timestamp":1344517045000},"page":"391-405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Ecological, Psychological, and Cognitive Components of Reading Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Ming Ming","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"McBride-Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219407310838"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021075"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341159"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482276725"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3202_2"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/93.3.491"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370060401"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219411431241","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Development in context","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2006.00439.x"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.87.1.154"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.03.007"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2007.03.007"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2008.10.004"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1004_1"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888431003623520"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0804_1"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2005.06.001"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X031009013"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370060201"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.2.77"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219411431241","volume-title":"Multilevel statistical models","author":"Goldstein H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543066003361"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2112607"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219411431241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227799"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219411431241","volume-title":"Handbook of orthography and literacy","author":"Joshi R. 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