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It was proposed that although the two routes are active in the process of reading; the first is more involved at the initial stages of reading acquisition, whereas the latter needs more reading training to mature. A number of studies have shown that deficient phonological processing is a core deficit in developmental dyslexia. According to the DRM, when the Lexical Decision Task (LDT) is performed, the orthographic route should also be involved when decoding words, whereas it is clear that when decoding pseudowords the phonological route should be activated. Previous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) studies have suggested that the upper left frontal lobe is involved in decision making in the LDT. The current study used fNIR to compare left frontal lobe activity during LDT performance among three reading-level groups: 12-year-old children, young adult dyslexic readers, and young adult typical readers. Compared to typical readers, the children demonstrated lower activity under the word condition only, whereas the dyslexic readers showed lower activity under the pseudoword condition only. The results provide evidence for upper left frontal lobe involvement in LDT and support the DRM and the phonological deficit theory of dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412451998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,14]],"date-time":"2012-07-14T01:58:08Z","timestamp":1342231088000},"page":"279-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study of Lexical Decision Task Supports the Dual Route Model and the Phonological Deficit Theory of Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Itamar","family":"Sela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meltem","family":"Izzetoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurtulus","family":"Izzetoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banu","family":"Onaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712607X224478"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260835"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.023"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383098903200302"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290802221404"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2010.06.002"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321593108"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.2.289"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9780857020987.n2"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00071-3"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219412451998","volume-title":"Test D2: Aufmerk-sankeits-delastungf-test","author":"Brickenkamp R.","year":"1981","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219412451998","volume-title":"Dyslexia literacy and psychological assessment: Report by a working party of the division of educational and child psychology","author":"British Psychological Society","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.5.874"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20236"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.204"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/40\/2\/007"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219412451998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.03.016"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219412451998","first-page":"7","volume":"1","author":"Ehri L. 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