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Both research goals were investigated by replicating Share\u2019s self-teaching paradigm. A total of 65 disabled Dutch readers were asked to read eight stories containing embedded homophonic pseudoword targets (e.g., Blot\/Blod), with or without the support of text-to-speech software. The amount of orthographic learning was assessed 3 or 7 days later by three measures of orthographic learning. First, the results supported the presence of orthographic learning during independent silent reading by demonstrating that target spellings were correctly identified more often, named more quickly, and spelled more accurately than their homophone foils. Our results support the hypothesis that all readers, even poor readers of transparent orthographies, are capable of developing word-specific knowledge. Second, a negative effect of text-to-speech software on orthographic learning was demonstrated in this study. This negative effect was interpreted as the consequence of passively listening to the auditory presentation of the text. We clarify how these results can be interpreted within current theoretical accounts of orthographic learning and briefly discuss implications for remedial interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413487407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]],"date-time":"2013-05-17T00:58:20Z","timestamp":1368752300000},"page":"39-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Orthographic Learning and the Role of Text-to-Speech Software in Dutch Disabled Readers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Staels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Van den Broeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219413487407","volume-title":"The CELEX Lexical Database, Release 2","author":"Baayen H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219413487407","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Learning to spell: Research, theory, and practice across languages","author":"Bosman A. 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