{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:06:33Z","timestamp":1777892793960,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]],"date-time":"2013-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tools for assessing decoding skill in students attending elementary grades are of fundamental importance for guaranteeing an early identification of reading disabled students and reducing both the primary negative effects (on learning) and the secondary negative effects (on the development of the personality) of this disability. This article presents results obtained by administering existing standardized tests of reading and a new screening procedure to about 1,500 students in the elementary grades in Italy. It is found that variables measuring speed and accuracy in all administered reading tests are not Gaussian, and therefore the threshold values used for classifying a student as a normal decoder or as an impaired decoder must be estimated on the basis of the empirical distribution of these variables rather than by using the percentiles of the normal distribution. It is also found that the decoding speed and the decoding accuracy can be measured in either a 1-minute procedure or in much longer standardized tests. The screening procedure and the tests administered are found to be equivalent insofar as they carry the same information. Finally, it is found that speed and accuracy act as complementary effects in the measurement of decoding ability. On the basis of this last finding, the study introduces a new composite indicator aimed at determining the student\u2019s performance, which combines speed and accuracy in the measurement of decoding ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413495298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T00:47:20Z","timestamp":1374540440000},"page":"176-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing Decoding Ability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Isabella","family":"Morlini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maristella","family":"Scorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729437"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002246698201600306"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219413495298","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Prediction and prevention of reading failure","author":"Badian N. A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01027275"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026919"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219413495298","first-page":"296","volume":"3","author":"Brown W.","year":"1910","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410612052"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02208970"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219413495298","volume-title":"Guida all\u2019uso delle parole","author":"De Mauro T.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1996.tb02579.x"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219413495298","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Children\u2019s reading comprehension and assessment","author":"Francis D. J.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430903242068"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400010560"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219413495298","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Reading acquisition processes","author":"Hoover W. A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15548430jlr3604_3"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1765(80)90024-5"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1765(81)90035-5"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1403192"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200308","volume":"32","author":"Jim\u00e8nez J. E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600005783"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.02.004"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00166"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2002\/007)"},{"key":"bibr26-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1004_2"},{"key":"bibr27-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430802132279"},{"key":"bibr28-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1967.10482916"},{"key":"bibr29-0022219413495298","volume-title":"Test theory: A unified treatment","author":"McDonald R. P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr30-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1997.tb01250.x"},{"key":"bibr31-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0302_4"},{"key":"bibr32-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00354960"},{"key":"bibr33-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057179"},{"key":"bibr34-0022219413495298","volume-title":"DDE Batteria per la valutazione della dislessia e della disortografia evolutiva","author":"Sartori G.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr35-0022219413495298","volume-title":"DDE-2 Batteria per la valutazione della dislessia e della disortografia evolutiva\u20132","author":"Sartori G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr36-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-008-0013-6"},{"key":"bibr37-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603321661859"},{"key":"bibr38-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591"},{"key":"bibr39-0022219413495298","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scientific Studies of Reading","author":"Sinatra G. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr40-0022219413495298","first-page":"271","volume":"3","author":"Spearman C. C.","year":"1910","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"bibr41-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087332"},{"key":"bibr42-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2010.524463"},{"key":"bibr43-0022219413495298","volume-title":"SPILLO Strumento per l\u2019identificazione della lentezza nella lettura orale. Software per la verifica delle abilit\u00e0 di lettura dei bambini della scuola primaria (dalla prima alla quinta)","author":"Stella G.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr44-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0103_3"},{"key":"bibr45-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2010.501091"},{"key":"bibr46-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430701746906"},{"key":"bibr47-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1990.12087347"},{"key":"bibr48-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(03)00139-5"},{"key":"bibr49-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-003-0974-7"},{"key":"bibr50-0022219413495298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146621605278814"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219413495298","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022219413495298","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219413495298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:38:10Z","timestamp":1777617490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219413495298"}},"subtitle":["The Role of Speed and Accuracy and a New Composite Indicator to Measure Decoding Skill in Elementary Grades"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219413495298"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219413495298","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,22]]}}}