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In a large-scale study of reading impairment among 491,103 beginning second-graders, gender differences increased with greater severity of reading impairment, peaking at a ratio of 2.4:1 for a broad measure of fluency and a ratio of 1.6:1 for a narrow measure of decoding. Results from three tests indicate that gender differences in reading impairment are attributable primarily to male vulnerability rather than ascertainment bias. Correspondence between identification as an impaired reader by our study criteria and school identification as learning disabled was poor overall and worse for girls: Only 1 out of 4 boys and 1 out of 7 girls identified as reading impaired in our study was school identified as learning disabled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413508323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T00:24:50Z","timestamp":1382574290000},"page":"433-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Gender Differences in Reading Impairment and in the Identification of Impaired Readers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jamie M.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219413508323","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219413508323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712608X311731"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219413508323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2005.08.006"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219413508323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.126.6.510"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219413508323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03055690601068535"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219413508323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219413508323","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2013Third Edition","author":"Dunn D.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219413508323","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Sex differences in dyslexia","author":"Finucci J. 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