{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:39:01Z","timestamp":1790005141089,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]],"date-time":"2014-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In transparent orthographies like German, isolated learning disabilities in either reading or spelling are common and occur as often as a combined reading and spelling disability. However, most issues surrounding the cognitive causes of these isolated or combined literacy difficulties are yet unresolved. Recently, working memory dysfunctions have been demonstrated to be promising in explaining the emergence of literacy difficulties. Thus, we applied a 2 (reading disability: yes vs. no) \u00d7 2 (spelling disability: yes vs. no) factorial design to examine distinct and overlapping working memory profiles associated with learning disabilities in reading versus spelling. Working memory was assessed in 204 third graders, and multivariate analyses of variance were conducted for each working memory component. Children with spelling disability suffered from more pronounced phonological loop impairments than those with reading disability. In contrast, domain-general central-executive dysfunctions were solely associated with reading disability, but not with spelling disability. Concerning the visuospatial sketchpad, no impairments were found. In sum, children with reading disability and those with spelling disability seem to be characterized by different working memory profiles. Thus, it is important to take both reading and spelling into account when investigating cognitive factors of literacy difficulties in transparent orthographies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414521665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,15]],"date-time":"2014-02-15T02:24:29Z","timestamp":1392431069000},"page":"622-634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Working Memory in Children With Learning Disabilities in Reading Versus Spelling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Janin","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Klesczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Fischbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Schuchardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Hasselhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219414521665","unstructured":"Alloway T. P. (2006). How does working memory work in the classroom? Educational Research and Reviews, 1, 134\u2013139. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/ERR"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Automated Working Memory Assessment (AWMA)","author":"Alloway T. P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00968.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716403000316"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Working memory","author":"Baddeley A. D.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713755608"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.1.158"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Weingartener Grundwortschatz Rechtschreib-Test f\u00fcr zweite und dritte Klassen. WRT 2+","author":"Birkel P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12770-0"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Grundintelligenztest Skala 1. CFT 1","author":"Cattell R. B.","year":"1997","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196772"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1998.2451"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412455238"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00011363-200020030-00005"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/2235-0977\/a000035"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00301"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Working memory and learning: A practical guide for teachers","author":"Gathercole S. E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2001.2790"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219414521665","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Test und Trends\u2014Jahrbuch der p\u00e4dagogisch-psychologischen Diagnostik: N.F. Vol. 1. Diagnostik von Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten","author":"Hasselhorn M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219414521665","first-page":"769","volume-title":"Entwicklungspsychologie","author":"Hasselhorn M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/0049-8637\/a000024"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Arbeitsged\u00e4chtnistestbatterie f\u00fcr Kinder von 5 bis 12 Jahren (AGTB 5\u201312)","author":"Hasselhorn M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3104\/reviews.97"},{"key":"bibr26-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360010301"},{"key":"bibr27-0022219414521665","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Legasthenie\u2014LRS. Modelle, Diagnose, Therapie und F\u00f6rderung","author":"Klicpera C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr28-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Deutscher Mathematiktest f\u00fcr zweite Klassen. DEMAT 2+","author":"Krajewski K.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr29-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.199"},{"key":"bibr30-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2009.03.006"},{"key":"bibr31-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02164.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00005-X"},{"key":"bibr33-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Ein Leseverst\u00e4ndnistest f\u00fcr Erst- bis Sechstkl\u00e4ssler. ELFE 1\u20136","author":"Lenhard W.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr34-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258500600604"},{"key":"bibr35-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Visuo-spatial working memory","author":"Logie R. H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr36-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2011.547335"},{"key":"bibr37-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/\/1010-0652.15.2.85"},{"key":"bibr38-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195859"},{"key":"bibr39-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000149"},{"key":"bibr40-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0909(200007\/09)6:3<193::AID-DYS170>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"bibr41-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430903162878"},{"key":"bibr42-0022219414521665","volume-title":"Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C)","author":"Pickering S. J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr43-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200506"},{"key":"bibr44-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-006-9024-1"},{"key":"bibr45-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/1010-0652.20.4.261"},{"key":"bibr46-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408317856"},{"key":"bibr47-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/\/1422-4917.29.2.113"},{"key":"bibr48-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90008-9"},{"key":"bibr49-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.4.584"},{"key":"bibr50-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.369"},{"key":"bibr51-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.969"},{"key":"bibr52-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.357"},{"key":"bibr53-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312039002469"},{"key":"bibr54-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1998.2477"},{"key":"bibr55-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(99)00025-2"},{"key":"bibr56-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-007-0816-3"},{"key":"bibr57-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194050380030301"},{"key":"bibr58-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"bibr59-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0663.94.2.272"},{"key":"bibr60-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.411"},{"key":"bibr61-0022219414521665","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1993","edition":"10"},{"key":"bibr62-0022219414521665","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(03)00139-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219414521665","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022219414521665","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219414521665","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:38:44Z","timestamp":1777617524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219414521665"}},"subtitle":["Searching for Overlapping and Specific Cognitive Factors"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219414521665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219414521665","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,14]]}}}