{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:00:40Z","timestamp":1790906440864,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,27]],"date-time":"2014-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders grouped specific learning disabilities in the single diagnostic category of specific learning disorder (SLD), with specifiers for impairments in reading, written expression, and mathematics. This study aimed at investigating the intellectual profile, assessed with the fourth edition of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), of 172 children with a diagnosis of SLD, compared to 74 clinical referral controls. WISC-IV intellectual functioning in children with SLD was characterized by a significant discrepancy between general ability and cognitive proficiency (General Ability Index [GAI] &gt; Cognitive Proficiency Index [CPI]), and worse performances on the Similarities, Digit Span, Letter\u2013Number Sequencing, and Coding subtests, supporting models of multiple cognitive deficits at the basis of neurodevelopmental disorders as SLD. GAI was the best and more conservative measure provided by the WISC-IV to identify intellectual functioning in children with SLD, and the intellectual discrepancy between GAI and CPI could be considered a \u201ccognitive sign\u201d for the presence of SLD in a single diagnostic category. Cognitive deficits differed in subtypes of impairment (reading, written expression, and mathematics), supporting their distinction for empirical, educational, and rehabilitative purposes. These findings need further replication in larger samples and in comparison to typically developing children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414555416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]],"date-time":"2014-10-28T00:18:15Z","timestamp":1414455495000},"page":"320-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["WISC-IV Intellectual Profiles in Italian Children With Specific Learning Disorder and Related Impairments in Reading, Written Expression, and Mathematics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Poletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AUSL of Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.131.4.567"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219414555416","first-page":"167","volume":"10","author":"Bachmann C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Difficolt\u00e0 in matematica"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221946800100403"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Language, reading and learning disabilities: Psychology, neuropsychology, diagnosis and remediation","author":"Bannatyne A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947400700401","volume":"7","author":"Bannatyne A.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Batteria per la discalculia evolutiva (BDE)","author":"Biancardi A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414521665"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219414555416","unstructured":"Consensus Conference. (2007). Disturbi evolutivi specifici di apprendimento. Raccomandazioni per la pratica clinical definite con il metodo della Consensus Conference [Specific developmental disorders of learning: Recommendations for clinical practice based on Consensus Conference method]. Retrieved from www.lineeguidadsa.it"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Test AC-MT 11-14. Test di valutazione delle abilit\u00e0 di calcolo e problem solving","author":"Cornoldi C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Prove di Lettura MT-2 per la scuola primaria","author":"Cornoldi C.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Nuove prove di Lettura MT per la scuola secondaria di I grado","author":"Cornoldi C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.05.013"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Test AC-MT 6\u201311. Test di valutazione delle abilit\u00e0 di calcolo e soluzione di problemi","author":"Cornoldi C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2013.04.005"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Prove MT-Avanzate di Lettura e Matematica 2 per il biennio della scuola secondaria di II grado","author":"Cornoldi C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360010601"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.11.004"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410375000"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412455238"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219414555416","unstructured":"DSA. (2011). Documento d\u2019intesa, PARCC [Specific learning disorders document of agreement PARCC 2011]. Retrieved from www.lineeguidadsa.it"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12068"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219414555416","first-page":"397","volume-title":"Handbook of pediatric neuropsychology","author":"Flanagan D. P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219414555416","first-page":"643","volume-title":"Contemporary intellectual assessment. Theories, tests and issues","author":"Flanagan D. P.","year":"2012","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr26-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Essentials of WISC-IV assessment","author":"Flanagan D. P.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr27-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.013"},{"key":"bibr28-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(00)00051-X"},{"key":"bibr29-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.10.024"},{"key":"bibr30-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/act086"},{"key":"bibr31-0022219414555416","first-page":"111","volume-title":"WISC-IV Clinical assessment and intervention","author":"Hale J. B.","year":"2008","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr32-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.07.001"},{"key":"bibr33-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076502"},{"key":"bibr34-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948101400907"},{"key":"bibr35-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Intelligence testing with the WISC-III","author":"Kaufman A. S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr36-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1510314"},{"key":"bibr37-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12201"},{"key":"bibr38-0022219414555416","unstructured":"Learning Disabilities Association of America. (2010). The Learning Disabilities Association of America\u2019s white paper on evaluation, identification, and eligibility criteria for students with specific learning disabilities. Retrieved from www.ldaamerica.org"},{"key":"bibr39-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2011.575772"},{"key":"bibr40-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054705283616"},{"key":"bibr41-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0410-4"},{"key":"bibr42-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073428299000800307"},{"key":"bibr43-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x"},{"key":"bibr44-0022219414555416","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests and issues","author":"McGrew K. S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr45-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.11.003"},{"key":"bibr46-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221941454722I"},{"key":"bibr47-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.3.347"},{"key":"bibr48-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1468"},{"key":"bibr49-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.015"},{"key":"bibr50-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1289-7"},{"key":"bibr51-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV Edizione Italiana","author":"Orsini A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr52-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV Edizione Italiana. Contributo alla taratura italiana","author":"Orsini A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr53-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00412.x"},{"key":"bibr54-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellicano E. (2012). The development of executive function in autism. Autism Research and Treatment. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/aurt\/2012\/146132\/","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/146132"},{"key":"bibr55-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.04.004"},{"key":"bibr56-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.008"},{"key":"bibr57-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Diagnosing learning disorders: A neuropsychological framework","author":"Pennington B. F.","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr58-0022219414555416","first-page":"43","author":"Prifitera A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, WISC-III Monograph"},{"key":"bibr59-0022219414555416","volume-title":"WISC-IV Clinical assessment and intervention","author":"Prifitera A.","year":"2008","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr60-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012564930-8\/50002-4"},{"key":"bibr61-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410392049"},{"key":"bibr62-0022219414555416","volume-title":"WISC IV Technical report IV: General Ability Index","author":"Raiford S. E.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr63-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.023"},{"key":"bibr64-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947400700109"},{"key":"bibr65-0022219414555416","volume-title":"DDE-2 Batteria per la valutazione della dislessia e della disortografia evolutiva\u20132","author":"Sartori G.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr66-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408317856"},{"key":"bibr67-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221947701000708"},{"key":"bibr68-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2004.00089.x"},{"key":"bibr69-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219412464341"},{"key":"bibr70-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1045-3830.23.2.187"},{"key":"bibr71-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054711428806"},{"key":"bibr72-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.232"},{"key":"bibr73-0022219414555416","first-page":"437","volume":"10","author":"Vance H. B.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"bibr74-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2006.00863.x"},{"key":"bibr75-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088802"},{"key":"bibr76-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6807(199710)34:4<309::AID-PITS2>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"bibr77-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0088960"},{"key":"bibr78-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr79-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition. Technical and interpretative manual","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr80-0022219414555416","volume-title":"Using the Cognitive Proficiency Index in psychoeducational assessment","author":"Weiss L. G.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr81-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012088763-7\/50005-X"},{"key":"bibr82-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1983.57.3.951"},{"key":"bibr83-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181ef42a1"},{"key":"bibr84-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413477476"},{"key":"bibr85-0022219414555416","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.415"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219414555416","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022219414555416","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219414555416","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:38:58Z","timestamp":1777617538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219414555416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,27]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219414555416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219414555416","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,27]]}}}