{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:40:39Z","timestamp":1785490839859,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]],"date-time":"2016-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP- 97741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP- 97741"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Naming speed (NS) refers to how quickly and accurately participants name a set of familiar stimuli (e.g., letters). NS is an established predictor of reading ability, but controversy remains over why it is related to reading. We used three techniques (stimulus manipulations to emphasize phonological and\/or visual aspects, decomposition of NS times into pause and articulation components, and analysis of eye movements during task performance) with three groups of participants (children with dyslexia, ages 9\u201310; chronological-age [CA] controls, ages 9\u201310; reading-level [RL] controls, ages 6\u20137) to examine NS and the NS\u2013reading relationship. Results indicated (a) for all groups, increasing visual similarity of the letters decreased letter naming efficiency and increased naming errors, saccades, regressions (rapid eye movements back to letters already fixated), pause times, and fixation durations; (b) children with dyslexia performed like RL controls and were less efficient, had longer articulation times, pause times, fixation durations, and made more errors and regressions than CA controls; and (c) pause time and fixation duration were the most powerful predictors of reading. We conclude that NS is related to reading via fixation durations and pause times: Longer fixation durations and pause times reflect the greater amount of time needed to acquire visual\/orthographic information from stimuli and prepare the correct response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219415618502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]],"date-time":"2016-01-14T00:57:33Z","timestamp":1452733053000},"page":"275-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Eye Movements and Articulations During a Letter Naming Speed Task"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Noor Z.","family":"Al Dahhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Botterell Hall, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Botterell Hall, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Duncan McArthur Hall, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald C.","family":"Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Botterell Hall, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Botterell Hall, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Botterell Hall, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-013-0090-z"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3492-9_6"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013820421199"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00224669030370020301"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90303-4"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr1002_4"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219415618502","first-page":"5","volume":"9","author":"Georgiou G. 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(1994). Exploring naming timing patterns by dyslexic and normal readers on the serial RAN task (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). Tufts University, Medford, MA."},{"key":"bibr19-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(02)00104-9"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700503"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219415618502","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0102_4"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219415618502","volume-title":"Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing","author":"Wagner R. 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