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In a lagged design, children were followed longitudinally from Grade 1 to Grade 3 over 5 testing occasions. RAN outcomes in early Grade 2 were predicted by speeded and nonspeeded visual processing measures, after controlling for initial (Grade 1) RAN, matrix reasoning, phonological awareness, and word decoding abilities. A predictive influence of backward visual masking\u2014a speeded visual discrimination task\u2014was found for nonalphanumeric RAN in early Grade 2 but not for alphanumeric RAN or subsequent RAN ability in Grades 2 and 3. A nonspeeded predictor involving controlled visual attention accounted for significant variance in early Grade 2 RAN in the poor early reader group. Results are discussed in relation to Wolf, Bowers, and Biddle\u2019s conceptualization of rapid naming\u2014in particular, on the roles of visual processes in speeded low and nonspeeded high spatial frequency visual information in predicting RAN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219416678406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,30]],"date-time":"2016-11-30T00:05:17Z","timestamp":1480464317000},"page":"18-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Beyond Phonology: Visual Processes Predict Alphanumeric and Nonalphanumeric Rapid Naming in Poor Early Readers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Kruk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassia","family":"Luther Ruban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bibr1-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.433","volume":"17","author":"Ara\u00fajo S.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dyslexia: An International Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.346"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2010.01527.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S014271640000415X"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00859"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/slll45-006-9028-8"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2003.10.024"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01520-5"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(02)00270-7"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219416678406","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949002300705"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219416678406","volume-title":"Essentials of WISC-IV assessment","author":"Flanagan D. 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