{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:29:44Z","timestamp":1790818184276,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R305A110484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R305A110484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To help all students meet the writing expectations of the Common Core State Standards, researchers need a deeper understanding of the characteristics of struggling writers. The purpose of this study was to explore the writing profiles of students including those who have or are at risk for writing disabilities. First-grade students ( N = 391) were assessed at the end of the school year using three writing assessments (spelling, sentence writing fluency, writing achievement). The researchers used latent profile analysis to identify students as fitting into one of five profiles (At Risk, Low Fluency, Low Writing, Average, and Above Average). Students also wrote narrative and descriptive texts that were scored multiple ways. The researchers used confirmatory factor analysis to identify four common factors: quality\/length, spelling, mechanics, and syntax. Students in the At Risk profile wrote narratives and descriptions that scored lower on all aspects of writing when compared to students in the Average and Above Average profiles. These findings provide further evidence of the distinct difference among writers as early as first grade, and they offer insight into the characteristics of at-risk writers. The implications of these findings for instruction and assessment and directions for future research are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219417708171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T12:59:01Z","timestamp":1494593941000},"page":"336-350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["An Analysis of First-Grade Writing Profiles and Their Relationship to Compositional Quality"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"David L.","family":"Coker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen D.","family":"Ritchey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Uribe-Zarain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Missouri State University, Springfield, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin S.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019318"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Reading street","author":"Afflerbach P.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr3-0022219417708171","first-page":"716","volume":"19","author":"Akaike H.","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/10-0335)"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Journeys","author":"Baumann J. F.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2009.00281.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2006.11.008"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2005.12.003"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219417708171","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Testing structural equation models","author":"Browne M. W.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534508413502389"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09362835.2012.724623"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219417708171","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Advances in social science methodology","volume":"4","author":"Dickey D.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290707300202"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219417708171","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Handbook of neuropsychology","volume":"1","author":"Fletcher J. M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/208938"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/208993"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220679809597574"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12004"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.4.669"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-011-0056-y"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-010-9263-x"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2901_11"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"bibr26-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Grammatical structures written at three grade levels","author":"Hunt K. W.","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr27-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2098"},{"key":"bibr28-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2013\/12-0152"},{"key":"bibr29-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2011.06.004"},{"key":"bibr30-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/681971"},{"key":"bibr31-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2005","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr32-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767"},{"key":"bibr33-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Discover intensive phonics for yourself","author":"Lockhard C.","year":"2006","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr34-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9"},{"key":"bibr35-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002246698702100304"},{"key":"bibr36-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-012-9396-1"},{"key":"bibr37-0022219417708171","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Handbook of writing research","author":"McCutchen D.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr38-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17239\/jowr-2011.03.01.3"},{"key":"bibr39-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Technical manual: Woodcock-Johnson III normative update","author":"McGrew K. S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr40-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471721182"},{"key":"bibr41-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412986311.n19"},{"key":"bibr42-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","edition":"7"},{"key":"bibr43-0022219417708171","unstructured":"National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers. (2010). Common Core State Standards for English language arts and literacy in history\/social studies, science, and technical subjects K\u20135. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.corestandards.org\/assets\/CCSSI_ELA%20Standards.pdf"},{"key":"bibr44-0022219417708171","unstructured":"Office of Special Education Programs. (2014). Report to Congress. Retrieved from http:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/reports\/annual\/osep\/2014\/parts-b-c\/36th-idea-arc.pdf"},{"key":"bibr45-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2006.10.003"},{"key":"bibr46-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2008\/012)"},{"key":"bibr47-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12030"},{"key":"bibr48-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324818ame0702_4"},{"key":"bibr49-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/681130"},{"key":"bibr50-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Explorations in nonfiction writing: Grade 1","author":"Stead T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr51-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences","author":"Stevens J.","year":"1996","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr52-0022219417708171","first-page":"324","volume-title":"Handbook of writing research","author":"Troia G. A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr53-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-010-9266-7"},{"key":"bibr54-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2901_7"},{"key":"bibr55-0022219417708171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1041-6080(94)90016-7"},{"key":"bibr56-0022219417708171","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219417708171","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022219417708171","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219417708171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:39:38Z","timestamp":1777617578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219417708171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219417708171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219417708171","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]}}}