{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:07:14Z","timestamp":1777892834014,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reports findings from studies examining potential read-aloud accommodations on standardized reading comprehension assessments for students with decoding difficulties. Three types of accommodations were evaluated: question stems and answer options read aloud; question stems, answer options, and proper nouns read aloud; and full read-aloud. Drawing from a sample of 207 fourth-grade students with and without decoding difficulties, we used 3-level hierarchical linear modeling to assess whether there were significant differences between students with and without decoding difficulties in the effect of each accommodation relative to no accommodation. Analyses showed that, for the students with decoding difficulties, all 3 read-aloud accommodations had significant effects when compared with no accommodation at all, and these effects were significantly larger than for average readers (effect sizes: 0.49, 0.55, and 0.50, respectively). When non\u2013individualized education program students were excluded from the group of students with decoding difficulties, the effect sizes became notably larger.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219417714774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]],"date-time":"2017-06-14T08:44:34Z","timestamp":1497429874000},"page":"540-551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhancing Accessibility for Students With Decoding Difficulties on Large-Scale Reading Assessments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Allison Gruner","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Institutes for Research, Waltham, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Burhan","family":"Ogut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Institutes for Research, Waltham, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Bzura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Institutes for Research, Waltham, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Statistics for experimenters: An introduction to design, data analysis, and model building","author":"Box G. E. P.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/emip.12040"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327035ex1202_3"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290607200201"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290907500404"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0938-8982.00018"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219417714774","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"Fuchs L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Focus on Exceptional Children"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Characteristics of states\u2019 alternate assessments based on modified academic achievement standards in 2009\u20132010","author":"Hodgson J. R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219417714774","unstructured":"International Dyslexia Association. (2008). Dyslexia basics. Retrieved from www.interdys.org\/ewebeditpro5\/upload\/Basics_Fact_Sheet_5-08-08.pdf"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040059915594781"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219417714774","volume-title":"2012 state policies for accommodations used to deliver assessments orally","author":"Kincaid A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219417714774","unstructured":"Kosciolek S., Ysseldyke J. E. (2000). Effects of a reading accommodation on the validity of a reading test (Technical Report No. 28). Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational Outcomes. Retrieved from https:\/\/nceo.info\/Resources\/publications\/OnlinePubs\/Technical28.htm"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0731948711433874"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr14-0022219417714774","first-page":"31","volume":"34","author":"Laitusis C. C.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspectives on Language and Literacy"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08957341003673815"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Literature review of testing accommodations and accessibility tools for students with disabilities","author":"Laitusis C. C.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932510362214"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219417714774","volume-title":"State accommodations policies: Implications for the assessment of reading","author":"Lazarus S. S.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/emip.12027"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/07419325020230040801"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Technical report for studies of the validity of test results for test accommodations","author":"Olson J. F.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219417714774","volume-title":"PARCC accessibility features and accommodations manual 2015\u20132016","author":"Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324818ame0702_1"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Overcoming dyslexia: A new and complete science-based program for reading problems at any level","author":"Shaywitz S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Validity issues in accommodating NAEP reading tests","author":"Sireci S. G.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr26-0022219417714774","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543075004457"},{"key":"bibr27-0022219417714774","unstructured":"Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium. (2015). Usability, accessibility, and accommodations guidelines. Retrieved from www.smarterbalanced.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Usability-Accessibility-Accomodations-Guidelines.pdf"},{"key":"bibr28-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Disabilities and reading: Understanding the effects of disabilities and their relationship to reading instruction and assessment","author":"Thurlow M. L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr29-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Test of Word Reading Efficiency\u2013Second Education (TOWRE-2)","author":"Torgesen J. K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr30-0022219417714774","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Education. (2013, August 23). Department of Education proposes to eliminate \u201c2 percent rule\u201d in assessing students with disabilities [Press release]. Retrieved from www.ed.gov\/news\/press-releases\/department-education-proposes-eliminate-2-percent-rule-assessing-students-disabilities"},{"key":"bibr31-0022219417714774","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III Diagnostic Reading Battery","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219417714774","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022219417714774","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219417714774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:39:41Z","timestamp":1777617581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219417714774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219417714774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219417714774","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]}}}