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Participants were provided with 20 min of training aimed at learning eight new basic letter\u2013speech sound correspondences, followed by a short assessment of mastery of the correspondences and word-reading ability in this unfamiliar script. Our results demonstrated that brief training is moderately successful in differentiating dyslexic readers from normal readers in their ability to learn letter\u2013speech sound correspondences. The normal readers outperformed the dyslexic readers for accuracy and speed on a letter\u2013speech sound matching task, as well as on a word-reading task containing familiar words written in the artificial orthography. Importantly, the new artificial script-related measures were related to phonological awareness and rapid automatized naming and made a unique contribution in predicting individual differences in reading and spelling ability. Our results are consistent with the view that a fundamental letter\u2013speech sound learning deficit is a key factor in dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219417715407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]],"date-time":"2017-06-16T05:25:40Z","timestamp":1497590740000},"page":"552-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Predicting Individual Differences in Reading and Spelling Skill With Artificial Script\u2013Based Letter\u2013Speech Sound Training"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Aravena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"IWAL Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jurgen","family":"Tijms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"IWAL Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Snellings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maurits W.","family":"van der Molen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Rudolf Berlin Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2013.03.009"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219417715407","volume-title":"Protocol diagnostics and treatment of dyslexia","author":"Blomert L.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.003"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219417715407","volume-title":"3DM differential diagnostics for dyslexia: Cognitive analysis of reading and spelling","author":"Blomert L.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.405"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151010X485223"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219417715407","volume-title":"Tests in het kader van diagnostisch onderzoek naar dyslexie","author":"Braams T.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219417715407","volume-title":"Reading in the brain: The science and evolution of a human invention","author":"Dehaene S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-012-0071-7"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02507.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410391185"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-016-9653-9"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2014.878538"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.09.007"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008950108"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3501_1"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00071"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.45.3.4"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219417715407","volume-title":"WISC-III NL","author":"Kort W.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00044"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219417715407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12029"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219417715407","volume-title":"Construction and validation of the SON-R 5.5-17: The Snijders-Oomen Non-Verbal Intelligence Test","author":"Laros J. 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