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The few longitudinal studies covering at least 5 years suggest that gains in decoding are sustained, whereas effects on reading comprehension have either not been studied or produced equivocal results. The present study followed up the reading development of 209 Finland Swedish students from kindergarten until Grade 9, half of whom participated in an 8-month phonological intervention in kindergarten. The intervention group outperformed the control group in both word reading and reading comprehension in Grades 1 through 9. However, albeit statistically significant, the differences at the group level were small. The main result was a clear-cut difference in both skills among readers at risk belonging to the lowest 25% in foundational skills at the beginning of kindergarten. In Grade 6, altogether 60% of the nontrained readers at risk still belonged to the lowest quartile in reading comprehension as opposed to 24% of their peers in the intervention group. The pattern was repeated in Grade 9, with trained readers at risk performing at the level of nontrained mainstream readers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219419847154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T03:13:24Z","timestamp":1558062804000},"page":"366-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Kindergarten Training in Phonological Awareness: Fluency and Comprehension Gains Are Greatest for Readers at Risk in Grades 1 Through 9"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Ann-Christina","family":"Kjeldsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lic","family":"Educ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silja K.","family":"Saarento-Zaprudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3277-8787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pekka O.","family":"Niemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219419847154","volume-title":"Phonemic awareness in young children","author":"Adams M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022466908314869"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219419847154","volume-title":"V\u00e5rtestet","author":"Andersson B.","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-007-9005-x"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.3.444"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033663"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/301419a0"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.403"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.4.659"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.12.006"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025323"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219419847154","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.6.934"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.22"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.36.3.2"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.4.605"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.4.660"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.12.001"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219419847154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1746"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219419847154","volume-title":"Applied missing data analysis","author":"Enders C. 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