{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:38:28Z","timestamp":1790678308308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]],"date-time":"2020-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580947200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC013064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC013064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DC014194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC014194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental language disorder (DLD) and developmental dyslexia (DD) are two prevalent subtypes of Specific Learning Disabilities (SLDs; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [5th ed.; DSM-5]). Yet, little information is available regarding the distinct challenges faced by adults with DLD and\/or DD in college. The purpose of the present report is to characterize the relative strengths and challenges of college students with a history of DLD and\/or DD, as this information is critical for providing appropriate institutional support. We examined the cognitive skill profiles of 352 college students (ages 18\u201335 years), using standardized and research-validated measures of reading, spoken language, nonverbal cognition, and self-reported childhood diagnostic history. We classified college students as having DLD ( n = 50), and\/or DD ( n = 40), or as typically developed adults ( n = 132) according to procedures described for adults with DLD and DD. A structural equation model determined the cognitive, language, and reading measures predicted by the classification group. Adults with DLD demonstrated poor verbal working memory and speeded sentence-level reading. Adults with DD primarily demonstrated deficits in phonology-based skills. These results indicate that adults with DLD and\/or DD continue to face similar challenges as they did during childhood, and thus may benefit from differentially targeted accommodations in college.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420904348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,7]],"date-time":"2020-02-07T02:19:49Z","timestamp":1581041989000},"page":"228-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Skill Profiles of College Students With a History of Developmental Language Disorder and Developmental Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-1785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie N.","family":"Del Tufo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Sayako","family":"Earle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archibald L. M., Gathercole S. E. (2006). Short-term and working memory in specific language impairment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 41(6), 675\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13682820500442602","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820500442602"},{"key":"bibr3-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baddeley A. D., Hitch G. J. (1994). Developments in the concept of working memory. Neuropsychology, 8(4), 485\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.8.4.485","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0894-4105.8.4.485"},{"key":"bibr4-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker T. C., McGregor K. K. (2016). Learning by listening to lectures is a challenge for college students with developmental language impairment. Journal of Communication Disorders, 64, 32\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2016.09.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2016.09.001"},{"key":"bibr5-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2011.01.007"},{"key":"bibr6-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop D. V., Snowling M. J., Thompson P. A. The CATALISE-2 consortium. (2017). Phase 2 of CATALISE: A multinational and multidisciplinary Delphi consensus study of problems with language development\u2014Terminology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(10), 1068\u20131080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jcpp.12721","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12721"},{"key":"bibr7-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blair C., Razza R. P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78(2), 647\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100552"},{"key":"bibr9-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0105"},{"key":"bibr10-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00342.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820801921601"},{"key":"bibr12-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(80)90312-6"},{"key":"bibr13-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(76)90075-0"},{"key":"bibr14-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750"},{"key":"bibr15-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Mello A. M., Gabrieli J. D. E. (2018). Cognitive neuroscience of dyslexia. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(4), 798\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-DYSLC-18-0020","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_LSHSS-DYSLC-18-0020"},{"key":"bibr16-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.12.030"},{"key":"bibr17-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2010\/09-0096)"},{"key":"bibr18-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser J., Conti-Ramsden G. (2008). Contribution of phonological and broader language skills to literacy. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 43(5), 552\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13682820701778069","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820701778069"},{"key":"bibr19-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabrieli J. D. E. (2009). Dyslexia: A new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience. Science, 325(5938), 280\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1171999","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1171999"},{"key":"bibr20-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-L-12-0363"},{"key":"bibr21-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gathercole S. E., Pickering S. J., Knight C., Stegmann Z. (2004). Working memory skills and educational attainment: Evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acp.934","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.934"},{"key":"bibr22-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioia G. A., Isquith P. K., Kenworthy L., Barton R. M. (2002). Profiles of everyday executive function in acquired and developmental disorders. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 121\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1076\/chin.8.2.121.8727","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.2.121.8727"},{"key":"bibr23-0022219420904348","volume-title":"Phonological skills and learning to read","author":"Goswami U.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr24-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-015-0050-x"},{"key":"bibr25-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22994.x"},{"key":"bibr26-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keenan J. M., Betjemann R. S., Olson R. K. (2008). Reading comprehension tests vary in the skills they assess: Differential dependence on decoding and oral comprehension. Scientific Studies of Reading, 12(3), 281\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10888430802132279","DOI":"10.1080\/10888430802132279"},{"key":"bibr27-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.03.002"},{"key":"bibr28-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee J. (2011). Size matters: Early vocabulary as a predictor of language and literacy competence. Applied Psycholinguistics, 32(1), 69\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0142716410000299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716410000299"},{"key":"bibr29-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefly D. L., Pennington B. F. (1991). Spelling errors and reading fluency in compensated adult dyslexics. Annals of Dyslexia, 41(1), 141\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02648083","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648083"},{"key":"bibr30-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9152.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr31-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282912462693"},{"key":"bibr32-0022219420904348","volume-title":"Meeting of the International Academy for Research on Learning Disabilities, The University of Michigan Press","author":"Liberman I. Y.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr33-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyon G. R., Shaywitz S. E., Shaywitz B. A. (2003). A definition of dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 53(1), 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9"},{"key":"bibr34-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madaus J. W., Shaw S. F. (2006). The impact of the IDEA 2004 on transition to college for students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 21(4), 273\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2006.00223.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2006.00223.x"},{"key":"bibr35-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00674"},{"key":"bibr36-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2016.1159337"},{"key":"bibr37-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGregor K. K., Langenfeld N., Van Horne S., Oleson J., Anson M., Jacobson W. (2016). The university experiences of students with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 31(2), 90\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ldrp.12102","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12102"},{"key":"bibr38-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery J. W. (1995). Sentence comprehension in children with specific language impairment: The role of phonological working memory. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 38(1), 187\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/jshr.3801.187","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3801.187"},{"key":"bibr39-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12059-011"},{"key":"bibr40-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290106800106"},{"key":"bibr41-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2005\/072)"},{"key":"bibr42-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219419862266"},{"key":"bibr43-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nerg\u00e5rd-Nilssen T., Hulme C. (2014). Developmental dyslexia in adults: Behavioural manifestations and cognitive correlates. Dyslexia, 20(3), 191\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dys.1477","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1477"},{"key":"bibr44-0022219420904348","author":"Newcomer P. L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Test of language development: Primary-4 (TOLD:P-4)"},{"key":"bibr45-0022219420904348","volume-title":"The post-high school outcomes of young adults with disabilities up to 8 years after high school: A report from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2)","author":"Newman L.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr46-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oldfield R. C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1), 97\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4"},{"key":"bibr47-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramus F., Marshall C. R., Rosen S., van der Lely H. K. (2013). Phonological deficits in specific language impairment and developmental dyslexia: Towards a multidimensional model. Brain, 136(2), 630\u2013645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/aws356","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws356"},{"key":"bibr48-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194030360060501"},{"key":"bibr49-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasinski T. V., Chang S. C., Edmondson E., Nageldinger J., Nigh J., Remark L., Kenney K. S., Walsh-Moorman E., Yildirim K., Nichols W. D., Paige D. D., Rupley W. H. (2017). Reading fluency and college readiness. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 60(4), 453\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jaal.559","DOI":"10.1002\/jaal.559"},{"key":"bibr50-0022219420904348","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. (2018). R: A language environment for statistical computing. Version 3.5.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"bibr51-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"bibr52-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rost G. C., McGregor K. K. (2012). Miranda rights comprehension in young adults with specific language impairment. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21(2), 101\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0094)","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2011\/10-0094)"},{"key":"bibr53-0022219420904348","volume-title":"Behavior rating inventory of executive function\u2014Adult version","author":"Roth R. M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr54-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royer J. M., Abranovic W. A., Sinatra G. M. (1987). Using entering reading comprehension performance as a predictor of performance in college classes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(1), 19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.79.1.19","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-0663.79.1.19"},{"key":"bibr55-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schatschneider C., Fletcher J. M., Francis D. J., Carlson C. D., Foorman B. R. (2004). Kindergarten prediction of reading skills: A longitudinal comparative analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(2), 265\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-0663.96.2.265","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.2.265"},{"key":"bibr56-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700207"},{"key":"bibr57-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith E. E., Jonides J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283(5408), 1657\u20131661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.283.5408.1657","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5408.1657"},{"key":"bibr58-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x"},{"key":"bibr59-0022219420904348","author":"Snyder T. D.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digest of Education Statistics 2014"},{"key":"bibr60-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spearman C. (1904). \u201cGeneral intelligence,\u201d objectively determined and measured. The American Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 201\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1412107","DOI":"10.2307\/1412107"},{"key":"bibr61-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2006.09.004"},{"key":"bibr62-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2011\/10-0295)"},{"key":"bibr63-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.296"},{"key":"bibr64-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1245"},{"key":"bibr65-0022219420904348","author":"Torgesen J. K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Test of word reading efficiency (TOWRE)"},{"key":"bibr66-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370050601"},{"key":"bibr67-0022219420904348","volume-title":"After high school: A first look at the postschool experiences of youth with disabilities. A report from the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2)","author":"Wagner M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr68-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.30.1.73"},{"key":"bibr69-0022219420904348","author":"Wagner R. K.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comprehensive test of phonological processing (CTOPP)"},{"key":"bibr70-0022219420904348","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale of Intelligence","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr71-0022219420904348","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale\u2013Fourth edition","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr72-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414559648"},{"key":"bibr73-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820601056228"},{"key":"bibr74-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(86)90025-8"},{"key":"bibr75-0022219420904348","author":"Wolf M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rapid automatized naming and rapid alternating stimulus rests (RAN\/RAS)"},{"key":"bibr76-0022219420904348","volume-title":"Woodcock reading mastery tests\u2013Third edition (WRMT-III)","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr77-0022219420904348","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson III tests of achievement (WJ-III)","author":"Woodcock R. W.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr78-0022219420904348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504446102"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219420904348","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0022219420904348","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0022219420904348","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:40:16Z","timestamp":1777617616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0022219420904348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0022219420904348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022219420904348","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,6]]}}}