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Reading intervention was provided daily in 45 min sessions throughout the school year. Mindset intervention occurred in small groups for 24\u201330 min lessons. Multilevel structural equation modeling (SEM) via n-level SEM was used to account for the latent variable representation of constructs, and the complex nesting and cross-classification structure of the data. Students in the reading intervention plus mindset condition significantly outperformed the business as usual condition on nonword reading ( d = 0.35) as did students in the reading intervention condition ( d = 0.20), who also outperformed the business as usual condition on phonological processing ( d = 0.28). There were no significant differences among students in the three conditions on nonword reading, word reading, phonological processing, reading comprehension, or growth mindset. Initial reading achievement, mindset, and problem behavior did not generally moderate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420949281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T02:16:10Z","timestamp":1597889770000},"page":"203-220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparing the Effects of Reading Intervention Versus Reading and Mindset Intervention for Upper Elementary Students With Reading Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanne","family":"Wanzek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie Al","family":"Otaiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8858-3498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaacov","family":"Petscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Lemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha A.","family":"Gesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Fluhler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Donegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Illinois University, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna K.","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0022219420949281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01015.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0022219420949281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aronson J., Fried C., Good C. 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