{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:51:49Z","timestamp":1784710309891,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R305A160261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R305A160261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Preschool-age children identified as at risk for later reading difficulties can benefit from supplemental, small-group emergent literacy intervention. As such interventions become commercially available and marketed to preschool programs, it is important to understand their impacts when implemented by intended end users under routine conditions. In this study, we examined the effects of the Nemours BrightStart! (NBS!) intervention on children\u2019s emergent literacy skills when implemented by teachers and community aides in authentic preschool classrooms. We randomly assigned 98 classrooms to one of three conditions (NBS! teacher-implemented, NBS! community aide-implemented, or control). Children enrolled in these classrooms who met eligibility criteria and were identified as at risk via an early literacy screener ( n = 281) completed pretest and posttest emergent literacy assessments; those assigned to NBS! conditions received intervention from their classroom teacher or a community aide affiliated with a local kindergarten-readiness initiative. Intent-to-treat analyses showed no significant impacts of NBS! on any outcome, and an instrumental variable, as-treated approach showed one significant intervention effect on letter writing. Consequently, we did not replicate results of prior highly controlled efficacy trials. Findings have implications for revising the NBS! theory of change, conducting dosage and as-treated analyses, and moving research-based interventions toward scale-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194221079355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T03:55:25Z","timestamp":1645502125000},"page":"225-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Small-Group, Emergent Literacy Intervention Under Two Implementation Models: Intent-to-Treat and Dosage Effects for Preschoolers at Risk for Reading Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3655-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayne B.","family":"Piasta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3113-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A. R.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2256-2971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Zettler-Greeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2744-9409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura L.","family":"Bailet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaplan Early Learning Company, Lewisville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kandia","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiah J. G.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327035ex1304_2"},{"key":"bibr2-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1996.10476902"},{"key":"bibr3-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2005.00376.x"},{"key":"bibr4-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411407925"},{"key":"bibr5-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409335218"},{"key":"bibr6-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12859"},{"key":"bibr7-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_LSHSS-19-00038"},{"key":"bibr8-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.83.4.451"},{"key":"bibr9-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.87.3.488"},{"key":"bibr10-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.3.489"},{"key":"bibr11-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2015.968242"},{"key":"bibr12-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654314540006"},{"key":"bibr13-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204526"},{"key":"bibr14-00222194221079355","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Handbook of language and literacy","author":"Dickinson D. K.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr15-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-008-9165-0"},{"key":"bibr16-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.36.3.2"},{"key":"bibr17-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2016.1250549"},{"key":"bibr18-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.045"},{"key":"bibr19-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Annual growth for all students: Catch up growth for those who are behind","author":"Fielding L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr20-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03004430.2016.1240679"},{"key":"bibr21-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2014.12.008"},{"key":"bibr22-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271121407311238"},{"key":"bibr23-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0451"},{"key":"bibr24-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2010.487927"},{"key":"bibr25-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0555-x"},{"key":"bibr26-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700104"},{"key":"bibr27-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271121412455438"},{"key":"bibr28-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12257"},{"key":"bibr29-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2332858417733686"},{"key":"bibr30-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Quality of intervention delivery and receipt observation tool","author":"Harn B. A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr31-00222194221079355","unstructured":"Herrera S., Phillips B. M., Newton Y., Dombek J. L., Hernandez J. A. (2021). Effectiveness of early literacy instruction: Summary of 20 years of research (REL 2021\u2013084). https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/ncee\/edlabs\/projects\/project.asp?projectID=4564"},{"key":"bibr32-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100323"},{"key":"bibr33-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Basic facts about low-income children: Children under 6 years, 2015","author":"Jiang Y.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr34-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2003\/078)"},{"key":"bibr35-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2014.12.004"},{"key":"bibr36-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X19891428"},{"key":"bibr37-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2008\/07-0101)"},{"key":"bibr38-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0035"},{"key":"bibr39-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X20931078"},{"key":"bibr40-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2017.10.003"},{"key":"bibr41-00222194221079355","unstructured":"Lipsey M. W., Puzio K., Yun C., Hebert M. A., Steinka-Fry K., Cole M. W., Roberts M., Anthony K. S., Busick M. D. (2012, November). Translating the statistical representation of the effects of education interventions into more readily interpretable forms. https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/ncser\/pubs\/20133000\/"},{"key":"bibr42-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013837"},{"key":"bibr43-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000054"},{"key":"bibr44-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.08.010"},{"key":"bibr45-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Test of preschool early literacy","author":"Lonigan C. J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr46-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Outcome evaluation of the Minnesota Reading Corps PreK program","author":"Markovitz C. E.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr47-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Individual growth and development indicators of early literacy","author":"McConnell S. R.","year":"2012","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr48-00222194221079355","unstructured":"National Early Literacy Panel. (2008). Developing early literacy. National Institute for Literacy. www.nifl.gov"},{"key":"bibr49-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345740903381031"},{"key":"bibr50-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Nemours fidelity implementation record","author":"Nemours BrightStart!","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr51-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(83)90019-X"},{"key":"bibr52-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408326209"},{"key":"bibr53-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-L-15-0155"},{"key":"bibr54-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12188"},{"key":"bibr55-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2020.08.002"},{"key":"bibr56-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/686222"},{"key":"bibr57-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.45.1.2"},{"key":"bibr58-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654315582067"},{"key":"bibr59-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291107700202"},{"key":"bibr60-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2379-3988.2012.tb00070.x"},{"key":"bibr61-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308325690"},{"key":"bibr62-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4073\/csr.2006.7"},{"key":"bibr63-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1059"},{"key":"bibr64-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000013"},{"key":"bibr65-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188042000337550"},{"key":"bibr66-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00199"},{"key":"bibr67-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.92.2.284"},{"key":"bibr68-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1053815112471990"},{"key":"bibr69-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0101"},{"key":"bibr70-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414528540"},{"key":"bibr71-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2020.01.003"},{"key":"bibr72-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/trtr.1608"},{"key":"bibr73-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-008-0245-4"},{"key":"bibr74-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Get read to read!\u2014Revised edition","author":"Whitehurst G. J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr75-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2020.1726537"},{"key":"bibr76-00222194221079355","volume-title":"Woodcock-Johnson tests of achievement","author":"Woodcock R.","year":"2001","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr77-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-015-0758-6"},{"key":"bibr78-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2018.1475202"},{"key":"bibr79-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-014-0655-4"},{"key":"bibr80-00222194221079355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2012.664763"}],"container-title":["Journal of Learning Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194221079355","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00222194221079355","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00222194221079355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:40:50Z","timestamp":1777617650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00222194221079355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00222194221079355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00222194221079355","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2194","1538-4780"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2194","type":"print"},{"value":"1538-4780","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]}}}