{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:11:00Z","timestamp":1788477060613,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002327","name":"Social Insurance Institution of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Research Council","award":["101002966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101002966"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Learn Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study examined whether learning disabilities (LD) in reading and\/or math (i.e., reading disability [RD], math disability [MD], and RD+MD) co-occur with other diagnoses. The data comprised a clinical sample ( n = 430) with LD identified in childhood and a sample of matched controls ( n = 2,140). Their medical diagnoses (according to the International Classification of Diseases nosology) until adulthood (20\u201339 years) were analyzed. The co-occurrence of LD with neurodevelopmental disorders was considered a homotypic comorbidity, and co-occurrence with disorders or diseases from the other diagnostic categories (i.e., mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the nervous system, injuries, other medical or physical diagnoses) was considered a heterotypic comorbidity. Both homotypic and heterotypic comorbidity were more common in the LD group. Co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders were the most prominent comorbid disorders, but mental and behavioral disorders, diseases of the nervous system, and injuries were also pronounced in the LD group. Accumulation of diagnoses across the diagnostic categories was more common in the LD group. No differences were found among the RD, MD, and RD+MD subgroups. The findings are relevant from the theoretical perspective, as well as for clinical and educational practice, as they provide understanding regarding individual distress and guiding for the planning of support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194221150230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T03:52:22Z","timestamp":1676087542000},"page":"30-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Register Study Suggesting Homotypic and Heterotypic Comorbidity Among Individuals With Learning Disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuija","family":"Aro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"},{"name":"Niilo M\u00e4ki Institute, Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reeta","family":"Neittaanm\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-4417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heli","family":"Riihim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practitioner"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna","family":"Torppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00222194221150230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3697-4"},{"key":"bibr2-00222194221150230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424"},{"key":"bibr3-00222194221150230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aro T., Eklund K., Eloranta A.K., Ahonen T., Rescorla L. 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