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Since these tasks already require a larger share of their cognitive resources, additional demands imposed by the need to switch between tasks may lead to a greater decline of performance in children with mathematical difficulties. We explored differential task switch costs with respect to switching between addition versus subtraction with a tablet-based arithmetic verification task and additional standardized tests in German elementary school children in Grades 1 to 4. Two independent studies were conducted. In Study 1, we assessed the validity of a newly constructed tablet-based arithmetic verification task in a controlled classroom-setting ( n = 165). Then, effects of switching between different types of arithmetic operations on accuracy and response latency were analyzed through generalized linear mixed models in an online-based testing (Study 2; n = 3,409). Children with mathematical difficulties needed more time and worked less accurately overall. They also exhibited a stronger performance decline when working in a task-switching condition, when working on subtraction (vs. addition) items and in operations with two-digit (vs. one-digit) operations. These results underline the value of process data in the context of assessing mathematical difficulties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194231204619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T06:49:25Z","timestamp":1698734965000},"page":"255-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential Switch Costs in Typically Achieving Children and Children With Mathematical Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Darius","family":"Endlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Lenhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00222194231204619","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.01.001"},{"key":"bibr2-00222194231204619","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.10.001"},{"key":"bibr3-00222194231204619","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(82)90012-0"},{"key":"bibr4-00222194231204619","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.4.5.527"},{"key":"bibr5-00222194231204619","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(82)90017-0"},{"key":"bibr6-00222194231204619","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(84)90005-4"},{"key":"bibr7-00222194231204619","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.12.005"},{"key":"bibr8-00222194231204619","volume-title":"Working memory","author":"Baddeley A. 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